It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the Barents Sea and Kara Sea, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. 0. His policies relaxed state control over enterprises but did not replace it by market incentives, resulting in a sharp decline in output. It was the largest country in the world by surface area,[9] spanning over 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi) east to west across 11 time zones and over 7,200 kilometers (4,500 mi) north to south. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory, ethnic antagonisms developed over the years. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Litai Xue. What were the USSR's 15 republics? Notably, both Cyrillic letters used have orthographically-similar (but transliterally distinct) letters in Latin alphabets. These languages were then assimilated into another language, mostly Russian. In 1988, the USSR abandoned its war in Afghanistan and began to withdraw its forces. 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The New Economic Policy (NEP), which was introduced by Lenin, led to a partial return of a free market and private property; this resulted in a period of economic recovery. Once denied diplomatic recognition by the Western world, the USSR had official relations with practically every country by the late 1940s. U.S.S.R stands for "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". The country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. A member of the United Nations at its foundation in 1945, the country became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, which gave it the right to veto any of its resolutions. In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost significantly expanded freedom of expression throughout the country in the media and the press.[252]. However, its powers and functions were extended in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the creation of new state commissions and committees. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception being those living in remote areas. [260], After the fall of the USSR, it was discovered that the environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on the matter. [184] An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late-1970s and the early 1980s, adult mortality began to improve again. Глупость или измена? [61] The economic shocks that accompanied wholesale privatization were associated with sharp increases in mortality. In the Russian Empire, the State Council which functioned from 1810 to 1917 was referred to as a Council of Ministers after the revolt of 1905.[14]. [141], Although statistics of the Soviet economy are notoriously unreliable and its economic growth difficult to estimate precisely,[149][150] by most accounts, the economy continued to expand until the mid-1980s. Another shuttle, Ptichka, eventually ended up under construction, as the shuttle project was canceled in 1991. What does U.S.S.R stand for? uncorrected version. 2008. The total population was estimated at 293 million in 1991. The economic centralization of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of Aeroflot, an aviation enterprise. In 1989, there served two million soldiers divided between 150 motorized and 52 armored divisions. The dissolution was followed by a severe drop in economic and social conditions in post-Soviet states,[59][60] including a rapid increase in poverty,[61][62][63][64] crime,[65][66] corruption,[67][68] unemployment,[69] homelessness,[70][71] rates of disease,[72][73][74] infant mortality and domestic violence,[75] as well as demographic losses[76] and income inequality and the rise of an oligarchical class,[77][61] along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. Health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, a revolutionary concept at the time. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution. This was followed by other successful satellites and experimental dogs were sent. [129] All leaders of the Communist Party before Gorbachev died in office, except Georgy Malenkov[130] and Khrushchev, both dismissed from the party leadership amid internal struggle within the party. Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians shared close cultural ties, while other groups did not. The Soviet Union placed great emphasis on science and technology within its economy,[166] however, the most remarkable Soviet successes in technology, such as producing the world's first space satellite, typically were the responsibility of the military. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan being elevated to Union Republics, while Kazakhstan and Kirghizia were split off from Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status. In turn, the Central Committee voted for a Politburo (called the Presidium between 1952 and 1966), Secretariat and the General Secretary (First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the de facto highest office in the Soviet Union. It also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the country. [214] The development of these writing systems was highly successful, even though some flaws were detected. === By What Does ____ Stand For? The balance of power tipped significantly towards the republics. Due to rigid state planning and bureaucracy, the Soviets remained far behind technologically in chemistry, biology, and computers when compared to the First World. Local authorities were organized likewise into party committees, local Soviets and executive committees. 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar Soyuz Sovetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii). [113] Nor was the party itself monolithic from top to bottom, although factions were officially banned. By 1936, Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a pronatalist era that lasted for decades.[190]. Going to a trial is also pointless: for a number of European countries this is a political issue, and they will make a decision clearly in whose favor. While there was a brief improvement after his death, it lapsed into stagnation. Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; U.S.S.R.), former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22â1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. On 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR[22] and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Although serfdom was abolished in 1861, it was done on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries. Thanks in advance. [220] Eastern Christianity predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional Russian Orthodox Church being the largest Christian denomination. Another major accident is the Kyshtym disaster. [56] Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. A former country of northern Eurasia with coastlines on the Baltic and Black Seas and the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. It was a single-party Marxist-Leninist communist state. This trend can be partly explained by the number of pregnancies rising drastically in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was the highest while declining markedly in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union. USSR. One of the most prominent breakthroughs was the GOELRO plan, which envisioned a major restructuring of the Soviet economy based on total electrification of the country. [171] The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. [57] The Soviet Army initially remained under overall CIS command but was soon absorbed into the different military forces of the newly independent states. Like and subscribe for more acronyms and abbreviations. In the ensuing Cold War, the two sides clashed indirectly in proxy wars. Resources were mobilized for rapid industrialization, which significantly expanded Soviet capacity in heavy industry and capital goods during the 1930s. wetenschap meaning "science"). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Karelia was split off from Russia as a Union Republic in March 1940 and was reabsorbed in 1956. [217] During World War II, some minority languages were banned, and their speakers accused of collaborating with the enemy. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the Popular Front program that called on all Marxist parties to join together with all anti-Fascist political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to fascism, especially of the Nazi variety. The Bering Strait separated the USSR from the United States. 1932–1992 Karakalpak It retained ownership of all former Soviet embassy properties, as well as the old Soviet UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council. [102][103], In 1939, half a year after the Munich Agreement, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. It became the duty of the Russian Bolsheviks to protect what they had in Russia, and avoid military confrontations that might destroy their bridgehead. 1935–1943 Kalmyk Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still[when?] The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. After all, the Soviet Constitution of 1936 was adopted on the eve of the Great Terror of the late 1930s; the "thoroughly democratic" elections to the first Supreme Soviet permitted only uncontested candidates and took place at the height of the savage violence in 1937. Due to this, anarchists generally hold a large animosity towards the USSR. In the English language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games". In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example). [213], Under Lenin, the government gave small language groups their own writing systems. Since its independence in 1991, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against Russia in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was owned by the USSR. 1936–1990 Komi [89], The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and change directions several times. Some researchers regarded the rise as mostly real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. Informally: The Soviet Union A country that occupied 1/6 of all the land in the world. Despite the turmoil of the mid-to-late 1930s, the country developed a robust industrial economy in the years preceding World War II. Otherwise, Soviet foreign policy was set by the commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or by the party's highest body the Politburo. The Red Army stopped the seemingly invincible German Army at the Battle of Moscow, aided by an unusually harsh winter. If the parents did not agree, the child was automatically assigned the ethnicity of the father. The USSR's territory stretched from the Baltic states in Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean, including the majority of northern Asia and portions of central Asia. Abbr. I searched on the web for this and found many terms with the similar abbreviation: 'CAS'. During the Georgian Affair, Vladimir Lenin envisioned an expression of Great Russian ethnic chauvinism by Joseph Stalin and his supporters, calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (Russian: Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии, tr. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help. For that reason, the people of the USSR were usually called "Russians", not "Soviets", since "everyone knew who really ran the show".[139]. [239] Leftists have largely varying views on the USSR. By 1917, Russia became the first great power to grant women the right to vote. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1919–1990 Bashkir At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ⦠Official ideology said that under socialism environmental problems could easily be overcome, unlike capitalist countries, where they seemingly could not be solved. [192] This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time. Motorized and 52 armored divisions to give any help have orthographically-similar ( but transliterally distinct ) in! All the land in the years same territory, ethnic antagonisms developed over the preceding. 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