5). The authors thank the Trustees of the National Museum of Kenya. These results make evident that prism deviation per se is only a poor predictor of the biomechanical behavior of the tissue, whereas the complex three‐dimensional arrangement of prisms with regard to the direction of load appears to be more informative. Nine hominid dental, cranial and postcranial specimens from Kanapoi, Kenya, and 12 specimens from Allia Bay, Kenya, were described as a new species of Australopithecus in the August 17, 1995 issue of Nature. Hence, when the evidence is considered together, it would seem most parsimonious at present to propose that A. anamensis habitually consumed hard‐tough (rather than hard‐brittle) foods, while the thick enamel in A. anamensis may have been an adaptation toward wear resistance. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Multiple paleoanthropologists (most notably Meave Leakey and Alan Walker) are credited with the discovery of Au. Is the “Savanna Hypothesis” a Dead Concept for Explaining the Emergence of the Earliest Hominins?. Prior to creating the finite‐element models, reconstruction of the enamel microstructure from naturally broken surfaces was undertaken using recently developed software (Jiang et al., 2003; Macho et al., 2003). On a microstructural level, enamel is made up of a complex arrangement of enamel prisms, whereas on an ultrastructural level, enamel is composed of differently oriented hydroxyapatite crystals held together by an inorganic matrix. The Australopithecus afarensis sample from the Hadar site, Ethiopia, ca. Figure 10.2 Australopithecus anamensis sites. Fossils have been found in a variety of paleoenvironmental settings, such as lakeside, woodland, and more open areas. The hominid prints were produced by three individuals, one walking in the footprints of the other, making the original tracks difficult to discover. To determine the biomechanical behavior of the different enamels, the graphic models of decussating enamel from comparable regions of the guiding cusps of A. anamensis, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Homo sapiens were converted to composite finite‐element models. Without structural reinforcement of its internal structure, thick enamel, because of its anisotropic structure, is brittle and prone to failure. Until now, the earliest Australopithecus anamensis fossils were 3.9 million years old. Discovery Location: Kanapoi, Kenya. Each model was then expanded to create a cuboid enamel block encompassing at least one full cycle of deviating prisms in the z‐y plane for Pan (M1, 126 μm:140 μm:695 μm), Gorilla (M1, 125 μm:139.5 μm:685 μm), Homo (M3, 246 μm:270 μm:1,335 μm), and KNM‐KP 35851 (M2/3, 232.2 μm:256 μm:1,270 μm); the longest dimension of each specimen represents the respective enamel thickness from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) to the outer enamel surface (OES) along the long axes of the predominant direction of the prisms. A one-male system may have looked more like that of gorillas, where both males and females tend to leave their natal group. In the present study, the loads applied to the enamel blocks (i.e., perpendicular to the predominant long axes of the prisms) are not directly related to certain masticatory functions, but are chosen to test propositions that the microstructural arrangement may (or may not) confer strength to the dental tissue irrespective of enamel thickness. 3.4–3.0 Ma, is represented by three infant (pre-M 1 emergence) and two juvenile (pre-M 3 emergence) mandibles. New fossils of Australopithecus anamensis from Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya (2003–2008). Despite similarities in enamel microstructure and overall magnitude and concentration of stresses in A. anamensis and Gorilla, there are fundamental differences between the two species, which may aid in the reconstruction of the dietary adaptations of A. anamensis. With regard to the loading conditions prescribed, only compressive stress was applied to the enamel blocks. Au. Learn about our remote access options, Hominid Palaeontology Research Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, William Lee Innovation Center, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester, United Kingdom, Sport and Exercise Subject Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom. The geometry of the three‐dimensional models, taken from the (mid)crown area of guiding cusps, was imported into MSC.Mentat, the finite‐element preprocessing software (MSC Software, 2002). “Australopithecus anamensis bone (University of Zurich)” by Nicolas Guérin is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Perhaps even more important, they are also rendered questionable when other factors are considered. 2, Table 2). The right‐hand picture shows a cycle of prism undulation in superior view, while the arrow indicates that the entire enamel front is pushed toward one side (although the degree varies among specimens). Teeth are most commonly preserved in the fossil record and, given their direct involvement in the breakdown of food, are the structures on which inferences about dietary adaptations are usually based. Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology. Because of the interconnectivity of the advancing enamel front, however, differences in prism organization within a tooth (species) are of degree rather than kind (Macho et al., 2003). The dimensions of the enamel blocks were roughly proportional (i.e., Pan = 1:1.10:5.52; Gorilla = 1:1.12:5.48; Homo = 1:1.10:5.43; A. anamensis = 1:1.10:5.47). Fossils have been found in a variety of paleoenvironmental settings, such as lakeside, woodland, and more open areas. As these areas of weaknesses occur on a microstructural level (Rasmussen et al., 1976), they are inaccessible to traditional stress/strain measurements (e.g., strain gauges). Morphological comparisons were made with previously published data (Jiang et al., 2003; Macho et al., 2003) (Figs. As mentioned in Chapter 5, that type of diet is harder to come by and females may have needed males to defend a territory for their nutritional needs and those of their offspring. General Principles of Evolutionary Morphology Evolutionary morphology. To summarize, although steps are taken to reconstruct the enamel microstructure both accurately and repeatedly, and to subject these virtual models to well‐proven tests used in engineering, the functional interpretations must still be regarded preliminary. The emergence of the National Museum of Kenya years old and Alan Walker ) are credited the! With previously published data ( Jiang et al., 2003 ; Macho et,. 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