At least 10 nuclear isomers have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 66 to 84. In 2008, based on its ongoing testing of a wide variety of American foods for toxic chemicals,[168] the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the "level of concern" for inorganic arsenic in apple and pear juices at 23 ppb, based on non-carcinogenic effects, and began blocking importation of products in excess of this level; it also required recalls for non-conforming domestic products. The isolation of arsenic was described by Jabir ibn Hayyan before 815 AD. Arsenic occurs naturally in the earth’s crust, and much of its dispersion in the environment stems from mining and commercial uses. [144] Under oxidizing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized from pyrite or iron oxides especially at elevated pH. [71] A successor to Alpharma, Zoetis, continues to sell nitarsone, primarily for use in turkeys. Waters", "Low Dose Arsenic Compromises the Immune Response to Influenza A Infection in vivo", "Geoscience modeling of relative variation in natural arsenic hazard in potential in New Brunswick", "Inorganic arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis for dose-response assessment", "Arsenic in drinking water seen as threat – USATODAY.com", "Arsenic in Drinking Water: 4. ), Uthus E.O. [22] Like germanium, selenium, and bromine, which like arsenic succeed the 3d transition series, arsenic is much less stable in the group oxidation state of +5 than its vertical neighbors phosphorus and antimony, and hence arsenic pentoxide and arsenic acid are potent oxidizers. Arsenic(V) acid is a weak acid and the salts are called arsenates,[27] the most common arsenic contamination of groundwater, and a problem that affects many people. [54] Wallpaper production also began to use dyes made from arsenic, which was thought to increase the pigment's brightness. What is arsenic and why is it in the environment? Though the methodology was disputed (it did not distinguish between organic and inorganic arsenic) the tests showed levels of arsenic up to 36 ppb. Black arsenic can also be formed by cooling vapor at around 100–220 °C and by crystallization of amorphous arsenic in the presence of mercury vapors. [160] Bioremediation of ground water contaminated with arsenic aims to convert arsenite, the toxic form of arsenic to humans, to arsenate. The most important action in affected communities is the prevention of further exposure to arsenic by provision of a safe water supply. Under reducing conditions, H3AsO4 is predominant at pH 2–9. An illustrative mineral is arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is structurally related to iron pyrite. Toxic levels of arsenic cause significant DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes p16 and p53, thus increasing risk of carcinogenesis. Arsenic forms colorless, odorless, crystalline oxides As2O3 ("white arsenic") and As2O5 which are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water to form acidic solutions. Uthus E.O., Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance. Arsenic is a toxin now widely present in rivers and groundwater in … The atomic number of arsenic is 33 and the relative atomic mass is 74.92. [132] The literature indicates that arsenic exposure is causative in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Oxidation and reduction affects the migration of arsenic in subsurface environments. (Another less sensitive but more general test is the Reinsch test.) It is estimated that approximately 57 million people in the Bengal basin are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations elevated above the World Health Organization's standard of 10 parts per billion (ppb). That consumers test home water supplies, eat a varied diet, and cook rice with excess water, then draining it off (reducing inorganic arsenic by about one third along with a slight reduction in vitamin content). As, Se, Sb, Mo, V, Cr, U, Re). [181], A 2014 World Health Organization advisory conference was scheduled to consider limits of 200–300 ppb for rice. [57] With better understanding of the toxicology mechanism, two other compounds were used starting in the 1890s. Circuits made from GaAs are much faster (but also much more expensive) than those made from silicon. [33], A large variety of organoarsenic compounds are known. Under reducing conditions, arsenic can be mobilized by reductive desorption or dissolution when associated with iron oxides. (ed. Analyzing multiple epidemiological studies on inorganic arsenic exposure suggests a small but measurable increase in risk for bladder cancer at 10 ppb. [84][85], Some species of bacteria obtain their energy in the absence of oxygen by oxidizing various fuels while reducing arsenate to arsenite. The United States' Environmental Protection Agency states that all forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health. [146], Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations predict that As(V) concentrations should be greater than As(III) concentrations in all but strongly reducing conditions, i.e. [78]Nanoparticles of arsenic has shown ability to kill cancer cells with lesser cytotoxicity than other arsenic formulations. [117] Parts of New England, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas are also known to have significant concentrations of arsenic in ground water. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that’s found in soil and water. It is sensitive to mobilization at pH values typical of natural waters (pH 6.5–8.5) under both oxidizing and reducing conditions. [174], In the United States in 2012, testing by separate groups of researchers at the Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth College (early in the year, focusing on urinary levels in children)[175] and Consumer Reports (in November)[176][177] found levels of arsenic in rice that resulted in calls for the FDA to set limits. [70] Alpharma, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc., which produces roxarsone, voluntarily suspended sales of the drug in response to studies showing elevated levels of inorganic arsenic, a carcinogen, in treated chickens. [74] Arsphenamine, as well as neosalvarsan, was indicated for syphilis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics. It has not recommended any changes in consumer behavior. Arsenic, though often difficult to detect, is hard to ignore. Also, in the past, the potential for elevated arsenic exposure was much greater when tobacco plants used to be treated with lead arsenate insecticide. [13] Arsenic is classified as a Group-A carcinogen. Preliminary well water analysis typically does not test for arsenic. There is also an unstable yellow crystalline form containing As 4 molecules, similar to the structure of phosphorus. The US National Research Council has noted that as many as 1 in 100 additional cancer deaths could be expected from a lifetime exposure to drinking-water containing 50 μg/L (8). Under the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the indicator of "safely managed drinking water services" calls for tracking the population accessing drinking water which is free of faecal contamination and priority chemical contaminants, including arsenic. Arsenic can enter the water supply from natural deposits in the earth or from industrial and agricultural pollution. Arsenic has been linked to epigenetic changes, heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequence. In polluted areas, plant growth may be affected by root uptake of arsenate, which is a phosphate analog and therefore readily transported in plant tissues and cells. Arsenic occurs naturally as a trace component in many rocks and sediments. Early (1973) evaluations of the processes for removing dissolved arsenic from drinking water demonstrated the efficacy of co-precipitation with either iron or aluminum oxides. ISBN-0-309-06333-7. [58] Arsenite of lime and arsenate of lead were used widely as insecticides until the discovery of DDT in 1942. Naturally occurring arsenic is composed of one stable isotope, 75 As. When water level drops and sulfide minerals are exposed to air, arsenic trapped in sulfide minerals can be released into water. A team of European and Indian scientists and engineers have set up six arsenic treatment plants in West Bengal based on in-situ remediation method (SAR Technology). The Greek word was adopted in Latin as arsenicum, which in French became arsenic, from which the English word arsenic is taken. Arsenate (+5 oxidation state) is the dominant form of arsenic in surface water, while arsenite (+3 oxidation state) is the dominant form in hypoxic to anoxic environments. This technology does not use any chemicals and arsenic is left in an insoluble form (+5 state) in the subterranean zone by recharging aerated water into the aquifer and developing an oxidation zone that supports arsenic oxidizing micro-organisms. Podgorski's team investigated more than 1200 samples and more than 66% samples exceeded the WHO minimum contamination level. Soils also contain arsenic and common plant foods are a source. [150], As of 2002, US-based industries consumed 19,600 metric tons of arsenic. [191] However the USA's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) states that the long-term effects of arsenic exposure cannot be predicted. It has many different forms. The accidental use of arsenic in the adulteration of foodstuffs led to the Bradford sweet poisoning in 1858, which resulted in around 20 deaths. This complicates the assessment of the burden on health of arsenic. Organic arsenic compounds are less toxic than pure arsenic, and promote the growth of chickens. [113] However, a study of cancer rates in Taiwan[114] suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levels above 150 ppb. Other organic and inorganic substances can be oxidized in this process. Ongoing testing found 95% of the apple juice samples were below the level of concern. In nature arsenic is usually found in sedimentary or igneous rock joined to or mixed with other elements, such as oxygen. A similar dose-response function has been found in other parts of Bangladesh, and these results have been combined with national survey data to estimate an annual death toll of nearly 43 000 (7). [9][10][11] However, arsenic poisoning occurs in multicellular life if quantities are larger than needed. [8], After World War I, the United States built a stockpile of 20,000 tons of weaponized lewisite (ClCH=CHAsCl2), an organoarsenic vesicant (blister agent) and lung irritant. 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Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater. [75], Arsenic trioxide has been used in a variety of ways over the past 500 years, most commonly in the treatment of cancer, but also in medications as diverse as Fowler's solution in psoriasis. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds. Two tsp of Natural Calm has less than 1 microgram of inorganic arsenic. A recent 2011 study funded by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Superfund Research Program shows that deep sediments can remove arsenic and take it out of circulation. The stockpile was neutralized with bleach and dumped into the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s. After the toxicity of arsenic became widely known, these chemicals were used less often as pigments and more often as insecticides. The first symptoms of long-term exposure to high levels of inorganic arsenic (for example, through drinking-water and food) are usually observed in the skin, and include pigmentation changes, skin lesions and hard patches on the palms and soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis). Natural concentrations of arsenic in soil typically range from 0.1 to 40 mg/kg. [110] Long-term exposure and consequent excretion through urine has been linked to bladder and kidney cancer in addition to cancer of the liver, prostate, skin, lungs, and nasal cavity. Evidence-based public health advocates also recommend that, given the lack of regulation or labeling for arsenic in the U.S., children should eat no more than 1.5 servings per week of rice and should not drink rice milk as part of their daily diet before age 5. (8) Arsenic in Drinking Water.NRC. The aquatic transformations of arsenic are affected by pH, reduction-oxidation potential, organic matter concentration and the concentrations and forms of other elements, especially iron and manganese. [119] According to a recent film funded by the US Superfund, millions of private wells have unknown arsenic levels, and in some areas of the US, more than 20% of the wells may contain levels that exceed established limits. [135][136][137], Around one-third of the world's population drinks water from groundwater resources. Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted octahedral complex, with the three atoms in the same double-layer being slightly closer than the three atoms in the next. Typical background concentrations of arsenic do not exceed 3 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; and 10 μg/L in freshwater. [30], All trihalides of arsenic(III) are well known except the astatide, which is unknown. [68][69] An example is roxarsone, which had been used as a broiler starter by about 70% of U.S. broiler growers. Sulfides. "The formation of As element in groundwater and the controlling factor". JECFA concluded that for certain regions of the world where concentrations of inorganic arsenic in drinking-water exceed 50–100 μg/L, there is some evidence of adverse effects. Blend low-arsenic water with higher-arsenic water to achieve an acceptable arsenic concentration level. Arsenic in Bangladesh has attracted much attention since recognition in the 1990s of its wide occurrence in well-water in that country. The most stable of these is 73As with a half-life of 80.30 days. Thus, there is no universal definition of the disease caused by arsenic. It is an acute poison, a contact poison, a chronic cumulative poison, and a carcinogen. Owing to its use by the ruling class to murder one another and its potency and discreetness, arsenic has been called the "poison of kings" and the "king of poisons".[46]. Many other countries and districts in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Cambodia, have geological environments that produce groundwater with a high arsenic content. [16] Black arsenic is similar in structure to black phosphorus. That the EPA and FDA eliminate arsenic-containing fertilizer, drugs, and pesticides in food production; That the FDA establish a legal limit for food; That industry change production practices to lower arsenic levels, especially in food for children; and. CAO combine the oxidation of As(III) with the reduction of oxygen or nitrate. Despite these efforts, it was estimated that in 2012 about 19 million and 39 million people in Bangladesh were still exposed to arsenic concentrations above the national standard of 50 μg/L and the WHO provisional guideline value of 10 μg/L respectively (5). [76] The US Food and Drug Administration in the year 2000 approved this compound for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that is resistant to all-trans retinoic acid. Arsenic is also found in food, water, soil, and air. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is found in combination with either inorganic or organic substances to form many different compounds. [145], Some species of bacteria catalyze redox transformations of arsenic. The most common arsenic mineral is arsenopyrite, a compound of iron, arsenic, and sulfur. The direct or indirect ingestion of wood ash from burnt CCA lumber has caused fatalities in animals and serious poisonings in humans; the lethal human dose is approximately 20 grams of ash. The Lancet. Generally, the main forms of arsenic under oxic conditions are H3AsO4, H2AsO4−, HAsO42−, and AsO43− at pH 2, 2–7, 7–11 and 11, respectively. – The Boston Globe", "Consumer Reports Study Finds High Levels Of Arsenic & Lead In Some Fruit Juice", "Arsenic contamination of Bangladeshi paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption : Nature News", "Tainted wells pour arsenic onto food crops", "EHP – Rice Consumption and Urinary Arsenic Concentrations in U.S. Children", "Arsenic in Your Food | Consumer Reports Investigation", Lawmakers Urge FDA to Act on Arsenic Standards, "FDA Looks for Answers on Arsenic in Rice", "Questions & Answers: FDA's Analysis of Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products", "Improved rice cooking approach to maximise arsenic removal while preserving nutrient elements", "New way of cooking rice removes arsenic and retains mineral nutrients, study shows", Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency, "Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action", Arsenic intoxication: general aspects and chelating agents, Environmental Health Criteria for Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, 2001, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Arsenic Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic&oldid=992340252, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Aramaic-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, As much as 2% of produced arsenic is used in lead alloys for, Arsenic is added in small quantities to alpha-brass to make it. [42], The word arsenic has its origin in the Syriac word ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa,[43][better source needed] from Arabic al-zarnīḵ الزرنيخ ‘the orpiment’, based on Persian zar ‘gold’ from the word زرنيخ zarnikh, meaning "yellow" (literally "gold-colored") and hence "(yellow) orpiment". (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/). Gray arsenic (α-As, space group R3m No. In nature arsenic is found in several ores. Arsenic (As) is ubiquitous in nature and humans being exposed to arsenic via atmospheric air, ground water and food sources are certain. [22] When heated in air, arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes from this reaction have an odor resembling garlic. [122], Epidemiological evidence from Chile shows a dose-dependent connection between chronic arsenic exposure and various forms of cancer, in particular when other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, are present. That is why the arsenic content is higher in reducing environments than in oxidizing environments.[143]. Arsenic was used as an opacifier in ceramics, creating white glazes. [110] Arsenic (As) is classed as a semi-metal, or metalloid. [118] Increased levels of skin cancer have been associated with arsenic exposure in Wisconsin, even at levels below the 10 part per billion drinking water standard. Arsenicosis was reported in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand in 1987, and the Chao Phraya River probably contains high levels of naturally occurring dissolved arsenic without being a public health problem because much of the public uses bottled water. It is now recognized that at least 140 million people in 50 countries have been drinking water containing arsenic at levels above the WHO provisional guideline value of 10 μg/L, Arsenic in Bangladesh has attracted much attention since recognition in the 1990s of its wide occurrence in well-water in that country. [123] Arsenic is itself a constituent of tobacco smoke.[124]. The average person's intake is about 10–50 µg/day. [104][105] For example, the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis produces trimethylarsine if inorganic arsenic is present. Arsenic is everywhere in nature. [67], Arsenic is used as a feed additive in poultry and swine production, in particular in the U.S. to increase weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and prevent disease. Unlike phosphorous acid, arsenous acid is genuinely tribasic, with the formula As(OH)3. [8], Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. Protocols for safe disposal of CCA lumber are not consistent throughout the world. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics/UNICEF, 2015. [41][151] In the United States, the voluntary phasing-out of arsenic in production of consumer products and residential and general consumer construction products began on 31 December 2003, and alternative chemicals are now used, such as Alkaline Copper Quaternary, borates, copper azole, cyproconazole, and propiconazole. Whether the arsenic is released from these geologic sources into groundwater depends on the chemical form of the arsenic, the geochemical conditions in the aquifer, and the biogeochemical processes that occur. C.A. [103], Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolized through a process of methylation. (1994) "Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance", pp. Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic, mainly through drinking-water and food, can lead to chronic arsenic poisoning. Solid yellow arsenic is produced by rapid cooling of arsenic vapor, As4. [178] The FDA released some testing results in September 2012,[179][180] and as of July 2013, is still collecting data in support of a new potential regulation. [165] The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) value for arsenic metal and inorganic arsenic compounds is 5 mg/m3 (5 ppb). Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been used to remediate arsenic contaminated water. [134], For several centuries, the people of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile have been drinking water that is contaminated with arsenic, and some evidence suggests they have developed some immunity. For example, Johnson and Pilson (1975) gave half-lives for the oxygenation of As(III) in seawater ranging from several months to a year. [27], A broad variety of sulfur compounds of arsenic are known. [130], Magnetic separations of arsenic at very low magnetic field gradients with high-surface-area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals have been demonstrated in point-of-use water purification. [26] It oxidises readily in air to form arsenic trioxide and water, and analogous reactions take place with sulfur and selenium instead of oxygen.[25]. However, abiotic redox reactions of arsenic are slow. Occurrence in U.S. • Arsenic is found in the environment in rocks, soil, water, air, and in biota. It is one of many natural elements found in air, water, and soil, and virtually all crop plants take up arsenic. [32] Other arsenic alloys include the II-V semiconductor cadmium arsenide. Arsenic is one of WHO’s 10 chemicals of major public health concern. Inorganic and organic arsenic compounds are white in color, and have no smell or special taste. In a highly affected area of Bangladesh, 21.4% of all deaths in the area were attributed to arsenic levels above 10 μg/L in drinking-water (6). [49] Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1193–1280) later isolated the element from a compound in 1250, by heating soap together with arsenic trisulfide. The yellow form has a density of 1.97 g/cm3. Arsenic-72, -74, and -76 have been used in medical diagnostic procedures. Arsenic pentafluoride (AsF5) is the only important pentahalide, reflecting the lower stability of the +5 oxidation state; even so, it is a very strong fluorinating and oxidizing agent. These applications are declining with the increasing recognition of the toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.[8]. However, the biological function is not known.[98][99][100]. [18] Both have four atoms arranged in a tetrahedral structure in which each atom is bound to each of the other three atoms by a single bond. Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices. CCA lumber is still in widespread use in many countries, and was heavily used during the latter half of the 20th century as a structural and outdoor building material. Synthetic arsenates include Scheele's Green (cupric hydrogen arsenate, acidic copper arsenate), calcium arsenate, and lead hydrogen arsenate. Therefore, arsenic may be more mobile under reducing conditions. rice) from irrigation water and the intake of arsenic into food from cooking water. Do we know that the arsenic in rice is harmful? Arsenic has a particular affinity for sulfur and is often found joined to sulfur in ores – mixtures of minerals that are mined for profitable materials such as silver or copper. where SO42− reduction is occurring. As a result, there is no reliable estimate of the magnitude of the problem worldwide. The main factors are pH and the redox potential. Despite these efforts, it was estimated that in 2012 about 19 million and 39 million people in Bangladesh were still exposed to arsenic concentrations above the national standard of 50 μg/L and the WHO provisional guideline value of 10 μg/L respectively, Arsenic is one of WHO’s 10 chemicals of major public health concern. [157] TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) funded by the US Federal Government. In addition to skin cancer, long-term exposure to arsenic may also cause cancers of the bladder and lungs. Because it’s ubiquitous, it … [139][140], Arsenic is unique among the trace metalloids and oxyanion-forming trace metals (e.g. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element. Arsenic is found in the smelter dust from copper, gold, and lead smelters, and is recovered primarily from copper refinement dust. These organic arsenicals were in turn phased out by 2013 in all agricultural activities except cotton farming. [131], Epidemiological studies have suggested a correlation between chronic consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic and the incidence of all leading causes of mortality. 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