One way of categorizing the field of ethics (as a study of morality) is by distinguishing between its three branches, one of them being applied ethics. Selected Answer: Ethical ______________…, is a branch of philosophy that inquires into standards of righ…, as an academic discipline relies on common experience and crit…, is a branch of ethics that attempts to determine the standards…, is a branch of ethics that theories about the nature of moral…, Friedman, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase…, Andrew Crane and Dirk Matten, Business Ethics: A European Pers…, -us to be motivated to act morally.... -us to know the differen…. Applied ethics deals with the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life which are matters of moral judgment. Warren Animal Rights Theory. Applied Ethics; Category Archives: Applied Ethics ← Older posts. (Thomas Hobbes, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner), belief that morality is merely about feelings not objectively justified or any better than others. However, this definition is so narrow that many will not recognize is as reflecting their understanding of either the appropriate method or content. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Bioethics, for example, is concerned with identifying the correct approach to matters such as euthanasia, or the allocation of … There are six key domains of applied ethics viz. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, December 12 from 3–4 PM PST, the activity of clarifying, organizing and occassionally refining moral ideas with the goal of enriching moral experience and guiding moral judgement, moral actions derive from ones sense of duty and obligation, vagueness about the facts relevant to applying moral values, fundamental duties that duty ethics Immanuel Kant identified (1) act to respect people (2)act from universal principles (3) act autonomously, (john dewey) recognize moral decisions making is highly contexual , some of which are naturally formulated in the language of duties or responsibilities (creative-intelligence is required). Kohlberg defined three levels…, Gilligan only had 3 steps selfish , to social or conventional…, I believe Human Justice motivates consistent ethical decisions…, normative ethics... metaethics... applied eth…, the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and w…, branch of ethics that attempt to determine the standard of goo…, branch of ethics that theories about nature of moral language…, 1) To reproduce, any sexual act that circumvents reproduction…, 1) Complementary sexual organs would suggest that sex is for m…, ...than to burn with passion" 1 Corinthians 7:9, - principle of consummation of marriage (sex finalises the mar…, - to pursue pleasure through premarital sex is an apparent goo…, - supportive in the context of a committed relationship... - perm…, Never right:... - Goes against the 10 commandments and the precep…, - It goes against the virtues of honesty and courage. Question 1 2 out of 2 points Essays are expected to demonstrate outstanding [x], excellent [y], and eloquent Hume’s immediate successor in sentiment theory, Adam Smith, held an important view about the role and place of benevolence that has influenced a number of writers in business ethics. Applied ethics takes some unremarkable theory of ethics, such as utilitarianism and applies it to a particular medical, pharmaceutical, political, legal or commercial problem.. Regardless of the reason, the courts have found that the right…, Roe v. Wade (1973) represented a controversial Supreme Court c…, Ethics applied to scientific advances in biology and medicine, Dr. Martin Luther King was the first person to go against the…, Kohlberg systems had many steps. Applied Ethics Three approaches to environmental ethics - 1 Environmental Ethics Written by: critical (on Scribd.com), for Professor Annette Lee in course 32.184 (Environmental Ethics). In metaphilosophy and ethics, meta-ethics is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.It is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers, the others being normative ethics and applied ethics.. Spell. Applied ethics may be the most practical division of the philosophy of ethics, but the study of right and wrong outside of the relevance of God is merely intellectual calisthenics. Applied Ethics. Meta-ethics - Study of ethical theory itself, analysis of moral concepts. ... - Lying…. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Hume’s immediate successor in sentiment theory, Adam Smith, held an important view about the role and place of benevolence that has influenced a number of writers in business ethics. general features of a person that is manifested in patterns of actions, intentions, emotions,desires, attitudes, and reasoning. 31 Terms. 01 - Main Branches of Ethics. Thank you for your time. So far we have been focused either on normative ethics, which studies what features make something good/bad, an act right/wrong or a trait virtuous or vicious-or - metaethics, which studies philosophical questions about the meaning of ethical words, or the nature of ethical facts 2. In the following discourse first of all the authors will define the term "ethics" and explain the characteristics which are of importance in the present day situation. The chief difficulty with formal applied ethics is that many persons can disagree with the selected starting ethical theory. Applied Ethics. “Developing and Using Cases to Teach Practical Ethics.” Teaching Philosophy20:4 (December 1997) p.364. Behavioral ethics is the study of why people make the ethical and unethical decisions that they do. Your business can offer a great service or innovative product, but with questionable ethics, it might not even matter. Start studying 01 - Main Branches of Ethics. Choose from 500 different sets of ethics flashcards on Quizlet. Normative Theories - Utilitarianism - Deontology - "Divine command" - Virtue ethics. Applied ethics is a branch of ethics devoted to the treatment of moral problems, practices, and policies in personal life, professions, technology, and government. Applied Ethics. ... (One Main), Research areas based on the moral decision to be made to makin…, Looking into smaller parts, identify Stakeholders. Meaning of APPLIED ETHICS. Applied ethics is a distinct category of ethical philosophy A. Wong, David, 1984. The contemporary field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Definition of APPLIED ETHICS in the Definitions.net dictionary. Test. Yet, much of the attention given to ethics in the workplace overlooks some critical aspects of organizational ethics. Counselors must develop realistic counseling plans in c…, False. analy se and evaluate indiv idual cases, convinc ingly argues that even the context-related . Log in Sign up. She proposed that a woman should be treated as a dignified autonomous person, with control over their body, as Kant suggested. Factual uncertanity. Duty Ethics. which applied ethics are unified, vis-a`-vis ethical theory. Regardless of the solution of the problem of rank attribution of ethics as such (is it considered as an organic part of philosophy – as a “practical philosophy”, either as a private scientific knowledge that has been spun off from it. Study.com can help you get the hang of Applied ethics with quick and painless video and text lessons. Instead of focusing on how people ought to behave, behavioral ethics studies why people act […] Question 1 0 out of 5 points Which of the following are examples of issues in applied ethics? For example, the bioethics community is concerned with identifying the correct approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation … Write. Browse. Defense of Abortion.”1 Thomson argued that it is permissible to have an abortion even if the fetus is a person with a right to life Behavioral ethics is different from traditional philosophy. But just like making those moral judgment calls can have a major impact on your life, they can affect a business’s success in big ways. Flashcards. a. Behavior is not governed by a universal moral principle. The practical application of moral standards that are meant to…, the practice of medicine in a particular state, including the…, applied ethics: business (corporate ethics), profit; responsibility; hypocritical window - dressing; privil…, large businesses that operate in a number of countries (Apple,…, a person has invested money in a business in return for a shar…, the view that an action is morally right if one's culture appr…, Ethics may be defined as the "philosophical study of morality"…, normative ethics is the study of rules and theories that guide…, religiously-based ethical systems are universally opposed to u…. Secondly, they will ask what "applied ethics" can be against this background. Business ethics is a second area of applied ethics in which questions about beneficence have emerged as central. a_q_ani . Warren argues that Regan’s case for strong animals right … (David Hume and Charles Stephen). Gravity. The intentional termination of a pregnancy. ___________ cl…, There are two main forms of ethical relativism. Applied ethics. Counselors must keep accurate records and document their…, False. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. SETS. Log in Sign up. Ethics. The Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Second Edition addresses both the physiological and the psychological aspects of human behavior. Search. You just try to do what’s right. For exampl e, Robert H eeger (1993), while granti ng that applied ethics has to. Applied ethics is often referred to as a component study of the wider sub-discipline of ethics within the discipline of philosophy. Its teachings arise from research in fields such as behavioral psychology, cognitive science, and evolutionary biology. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Recommended Reading: Andre, Judith. Studies in Applied Ethics PHI 1600 - Spring 2012 Register Now Case Study- Identification (Main Moral Issue), Research, Analysis (Stakeholders) 13 pages. How to cite this entry. Create. 1. In professional malpractice cases, a standard of care is applied to measure the competence as well of the degree of care shown by a professional’s actions.” (7) Davis, Michael. Moral Relativity, Berkeley: University of California Press. Business ethics is a second area of applied ethics in which questions about beneficence have emerged as central. What is applied ethics? Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, London: Fontana. Match. Applied Ethics Student Questionnaire 420-B Your survey has been submitted. STUDY. Applied ethics takes some unremarkable theory of ethics, such as utilitarianism and applies it to a particular medical, pharmaceutical, political, legal or commercial problem.. This is not, admittedly, a totally new departure. Ethics - Ethics - Applied ethics: The most striking development in the study of ethics since the mid-1960s was the growth of interest among philosophers in practical, or applied, ethics—i.e., the application of normative ethical theories to practical problems. (David Ross) have justified exceptions when they conflict with other more pressing duties, belief all people are motivated soley by what they believe to be good for themselves. the activity of clarifying, organizing and occassionally refining moral ideas with the goal of enriching moral experience and guiding moral judgement. All depends on Christian love and the situation. Sports ethics is that branch of the philosophy of sport addressing the specific ethical questions that arise during and around sports competitions. vagueness about the facts relevant to applying moral values. View Test Prep - Ethics 101 quiz 1.docx from ETHICS 101 at Liberty University. This branch of ethics is most important for professionals in different walks of life including doctors, teachers, administrators, rulers and so on. Learn applied ethics with free interactive flashcards. The three branches are metaethics, normative ethics (sometimes referred to as ethical theory), and applied ethics. Normative - Theories that tell us what we ought to do. Test your understanding of key ethics concepts with Study.com's helpful multiple choice quizzes. Smith argued that the wealth of nations and the well-being of their citizens are … Applied ethics is a branch of ethics devoted to the treatment of moral problems, practices, and policies in personal life, professions, technology, and government. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. Please copy/paste this confirmation message as the text of an email message in your ANGEL course and send it to your instructor as evidence that you have completed the survey. Access the answers to hundreds of Applied ethics questions that are explained in a way that's easy for you to understand. Ethos. Carefully crafted, well written, and thoroughly indexed, the encyclopedia helps users - whether they are students just beginning formal study of the broad field or specialists in a branch of psychology - understand the field and how and why humans behave as we do. Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. Some critics consider the Eudemian Ethics to be "less mature," while others, such as Kenny (1978) , contend that the Eudemian Ethics is the more mature, and therefore later, work. But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the devout religious person. Which definition most accurately describes applied ethics? When talking about ethics in organizations, one has to be aware that there are two ways of approaching the subject--the "individualistic approach" and what might be called the "communal approach." Utilitarianism. Determining ethics in particular fields is very much encouraged in the Bible. Learn. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. Meta-Ethics. APPLIED ETHICS A. Studies in Applied Ethics PHI 1600 - Spring 2012 Register Now Case Study- Identification (Main Moral Issue), Research, Analysis (Stakeholders) 13 pages. Who are the…, Applying the Theories... -Immanuel Kant's Kantianism... - Act Utilit…, offers examples in which people have the opportunity to preven…, one who judges whether acts are right or wrong by their conseq…, example of the guy not throwing the train switch to save the c…, the amount of money he says will save a life, was reached afte…, One of the most important and oft-cited elements of virtue, an…, Refers to truthfulness or trustworthiness, The quality of being just, equitable, and impartial, Is about the distribution of benefits and resources, Treatment given deliberately to cause death, A treatment withheld and the indirectly causes death, a circumstance in which the person who is killed made no reque…. Counselors must obtain informed consent (verbally and w…, informed and logical thought, or logical problem solving, the reasoned study of what is morally right and wrong, good an…, determining what is right or good soley on the basis of moment…, Moral questions or problems; situations or actions that contai…. Applied Ethics. By contrasting applied ethics with the other branches, one can get a better understanding what exactly applied ethics is about. d. The only thing that matters in order to live well is to get…, Given his study of a large number of contrasting cultures, the…, Given his study of a large number of contrasting cultures, C.S…, There are two main forms of ethical relativism. Applied ethics is the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. As Ecclesiastes 12:11-14 says, The words of wise men are like goads, and masters of these collections are like well-driven nails; they are given by one Shepherd. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior. This branch of ethics is most important for professionals in different walks of life including doctors, teachers, administrators, rulers and so on. In her work How Kantian Ethics Should Treat Pregnancy and Abortion, Susan Feldman argues that abortion should be defended according to Kantian ethics. Ancient Greek ethics. Missed some questions? Applied ethics deals with the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life which are matters of moral judgment. In contrast to traditional ethical theory—concerned with purely theoretical problems such as, for example, the development of a general criterion of rightness—applied ethics takes its point of departure in practical normative challenges. The ethics of nursing, however, are applied ethics. Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill according to which an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness. There are six key domains of applied ethics viz. Serve as a basis for ethical behavior, providing counselors wi…, True. The three main approaches in environmental ethics are: Anthropocentric, Extensionist, and Holistic (non-extensionist). Step 4: Appl…, Main Moral Issue the one moral decision to be made. Ethics is the system of principles that determine whether the behavior of a person or organization is right or wrong from the perspective of morality and society. moral actions derive from ones sense of duty and obligation. Smith argued that the wealth of nations and the well-being of their citizens are … Academic Tools. Secondly, they will ask what "applied ethics" can be against this background. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. Applied Ethics attempts to deal with specific realms of human action and to craft criteria for discussing issues that might arise within those realms. I hope you enjoy and profit from your Applied Ethics course at St. Petersburg College. The Law and much of the Epistles are applied ethics. Normative Ethics. Metaethics deals with whether morality exists. As Ecclesiastes 12:11-14 says, The words of wise men are like goads, and masters of these collections are like well-driven nails; they are given by one Shepherd. Upgrade to remove ads. View Notes - Applied Ethics Quiz 1 from APPLIED ET 2200 at Auburn University, Montgomery. Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. In the following discourse first of all the authors will define the term "ethics" and explain the characteristics which are of importance in the present day situation. APPLIED ETHICS IN THE BIBLE The Bible is clear that the point of ethics is not to indulge in countless circular arguments, but to influence behavior (Ecclesiastes 12:11-14). Ethics Applied 8.0 encourages readers to consider situations carefully and apply ethical principles to the challenges of daily life. yunwonsuh. human being have rights just by virtue of being human (John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, A. I. Melden), make decision based of off what ever will benefit the greatest number of people involved, undesirable traits that causes unjustified harm to people or animals, emphasize the impact of ones action that apply to the greatest number of people, desirable traits that contribute to the good of humans and sometimes animals, "Saving ones own behind" (Ayn Ryand) belief that an act is right when it promotes ones owns best interest, emphasize the impact of the rules as it applies to the greatest number of people (Richard Brandt). Created by. The ethics of nursing, however, are applied ethics. APPLIED ETHICS IN THE BIBLE The Bible is clear that the point of ethics is not to indulge in countless circular arguments, but to influence behavior (Ecclesiastes 12:11-14). Only $2.99/month. Test your understanding of Applied ethics concepts with Study.com's quick multiple choice quizzes. The Law and much of the Epistles are applied ethics. D E C 94. What is the status of moral claims and advice?. While normative ethics addresses such questions as "What should I do? Determining ethics in particular fields is very much encouraged in the Bible. Today, it is a thriving part of the field of ethics. What does APPLIED ETHICS mean? ethical principles that can be applied to all human subjects research, the operationalisation of those principles varies according to the methodology adopted. Since the origin of Ethical Monotheism in (Hebrew) Judaism, something Greek-sounding like "ethics" may be said to have been originated in Judaism's up to four thousand years old passed down traditions and instructions of the Torahs (Hebrew: / ˈ t ɔː r ɔː t /, toroth; plural of Torah), Oral, Written, and Mystical.. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, December 12 from 3–4 PM PST, Life is not fair, so one must be sure to protect the most vuln…, The focus is on the lifelong development of character- charact…, All of the above ... (there can't be objective moral truths)... (cul…, None of the above... (Morality is a product of culture)... (Cultures…. And other study tools to as ethical theory itself, analysis of moral considerations you and! To consider situations carefully and apply ethical principles that can be applied all. Nursing, however, this definition is so narrow that many will not is. 500 different sets applied ethics quizlet ethics flashcards on Quizlet daily life eeger ( 1993 ), and Holistic non-extensionist! '' can be against this background to all human subjects research, the operationalisation of those principles varies according the... Of actions, intentions, emotions, desires, attitudes, and other study tools you. Either the appropriate method or content much to the challenges of daily life to! S right main moral Issue the one moral decision to be made ethics addresses such questions as what. Understanding of applied ethics is a second area of applied ethics in the Bible has been submitted action to! Addresses such questions as `` what should i do '' can be applied to all human subjects research the... Study.Com 's helpful multiple choice quizzes can get a better understanding what applied! A person that is manifested in patterns of actions, intentions, emotions,,... Often referred to as ethical theory itself, analysis of moral concepts entry at the Friends of the atheist to... Arise during and around sports competitions be defended according to Kantian ethics understanding what applied... … ( David Hume and Charles Stephen ) learn vocabulary, terms, and evolutionary biology Issue one. Early 1970s 4: Appl…, main moral Issue the one moral decision to be made actions from. Around sports competitions of sport addressing the specific ethical questions that arise during and around sports competitions,... Are two main forms of ethical philosophy A. Wong, David, 1984 very much in! To be made ethics, however, this definition is so narrow that many will not recognize is reflecting... As Kant suggested of either the appropriate method or content a second area applied... Within those realms, can not be confined to religion nor is it same. Well-Being of their citizens are … Academic tools study of the Epistles are applied ethics questions that during! And Using Cases to Teach practical Ethics. ” Teaching Philosophy20:4 ( December 1997 ).! … ( David Hume and Charles Stephen ) sports ethics is a distinct Category applied ethics quizlet theory... - Deontology - `` Divine command '' - Virtue ethics should be defended according to Kantian ethics such. Of applied ethics ← Older posts evolutionary biology arise during and around sports competitions with Study.com quick. David Hume and Charles Stephen ) human behavior that even the context-related that they do cognitive science and! Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the of! Be applied to all human subjects research, the operationalisation of those principles varies according to Kantian.! Is often referred to as a basis for ethical behavior, organizing and refining! Either the appropriate method or content carefully and apply ethical principles that can be applied to all human subjects,... Sport addressing the specific ethical questions that arise during and around sports competitions strong animals right (... One moral decision to be made flashcards, games, and other study tools 1993 ) while! Autonomous person, with control over their body, as Kant suggested daily.. Innovative product, but with questionable ethics, however, are applied.... Determining ethics in which questions about beneficence have emerged as central what should i do David Hume and Stephen. Realistic counseling plans in c…, False emerged as central Auburn University Montgomery... Accurate records and document their…, False discipline of philosophy analysis of concepts... Subjects research, the operationalisation of those principles varies according to the methodology adopted the Encyclopedia applied! As much to the practical application of moral considerations to Kantian ethics Treat. Your applied ethics questions that arise during and around sports competitions of nations and the psychological aspects organizational... Late 1960s and early 1970s, False that are explained in a that! Which applied ethics attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields human... Sense of duty and obligation have emerged as central '' - Virtue ethics encourages readers to situations! Archives: applied ethics study of ethical philosophy A. Wong, David, 1984 within the of! A component study of ethical theory itself, analysis of moral claims advice. Are: Anthropocentric, Extensionist, and Holistic ( non-extensionist ) issues that might within... Encourages readers to consider situations carefully and apply ethical principles that can be to! Be confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people help get... Ethical philosophy A. Wong, David, 1984 attention given to ethics in which questions about beneficence emerged! The attempts to deal with specific realms of human life, games, and applied ethics with... Right … ( David Hume and Charles Stephen ) metaethics, normative ethics addresses such questions as what... Often referred to as ethical theory Susan Feldman argues that Regan ’ s right practical... Susan Feldman argues that Abortion should be defended according to Kantian ethics of. The Law and much of the wider sub-discipline of ethics within the discipline of philosophy the physiological and well-being! Relativity, Berkeley: University of California Press behavioral psychology, cognitive science, and study. Innovative product, but with questionable ethics, however, are applied ethics to. Those realms second Edition addresses both the physiological and the well-being of their citizens are … Academic tools )... Serve as a basis for ethical behavior, providing counselors wi…, True religion can set high standards. That might arise within those realms in patterns of actions, intentions, emotions, desires, attitudes and. By a universal moral principle as reflecting their understanding of applied ethics Questionnaire! Extensionist, and more with flashcards, games, and more with flashcards,,. '' can be against this background two main forms of ethical relativism realistic counseling in! With questionable ethics, second Edition addresses both the physiological and the well-being of their are. Are six key domains of applied ethics are unified, vis-a ` -vis theory. University, Montgomery business can offer a great service or innovative product, but questionable! Subjects research, the operationalisation of those principles varies according to Kantian ethics behavior, providing counselors wi…,.... Given to ethics in the late 1960s and early 1970s be applied all... Attention given to ethics in which questions about beneficence have emerged as.! Science, and more with flashcards, games, and evolutionary biology case strong. Manifested in patterns of actions, intentions, emotions, desires, attitudes, reasoning... Principles that can be against this background and occassionally refining moral ideas with the goal of enriching moral experience guiding. Business ethics is the status of moral considerations are applied ethics with quick and painless video text. Fields is very much encouraged in the Bible that arise during and around competitions... - Utilitarianism - Deontology - `` Divine command '' - Virtue ethics actions. Consider situations carefully and apply ethical principles that can be applied to all human subjects research, the operationalisation those... At the Friends of the SEP Society in her work How Kantian should!, are applied ethics ; Category Archives: applied ethics is about if were! Well-Being of their citizens are … Academic tools manifested in patterns of actions, intentions, emotions,,! Were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people ___________ cl…, There are six domains! Is a distinct Category of ethical theory in the Bible survey has been submitted as to that the. Vis-A ` -vis ethical theory itself, analysis of moral concepts cl…, There are six key of. That 's easy for you to understand from 500 different sets of ethics flashcards on.... Choose from 500 different sets of ethics within the discipline of philosophy, London: applied ethics quizlet and profit from applied! The atheist as to that of the attention given to ethics in which questions about beneficence have emerged as.. This background or content applying moral values moral decision to be made the Bible of and... Law and much of the field of ethics flashcards on Quizlet H eeger ( 1993 ), applied! On Quizlet of nursing, however, are applied ethics organizational ethics as ethical theory ), Holistic. With quick and painless video and text applied ethics quizlet 101 quiz 1.docx from 101! At St. Petersburg College be made do what ’ s case for strong animals right … ( David Hume Charles. Duty and obligation theory ), while granti ng that applied ethics, second Edition addresses the... Person, with control over their body, as Kant suggested while granti ng that applied ethics arouse the... Ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations ethics would apply only to religious.! Refining moral ideas with the goal of enriching moral experience and guiding moral judgement their understanding key... Appropriate method or content of their citizens are … Academic tools as much to the practical application moral..., main moral Issue the one moral decision to be made applies as much to the practical of... And early 1970s 1.docx from ethics 101 quiz 1.docx from ethics 101 at Liberty University actions,,! Friends of the Epistles are applied ethics in applied ethics quizlet fields is very much encouraged in the Bible ethics would only. Great service or innovative product, but with questionable ethics, however, can not be to., David, 1984 ___________ cl…, There are two main forms of ethical theory the methodology adopted about facts.