One example is York Factory with angled walls to help defend the fort. Signs of numerous former beachfronts can be seen far inland from the current shore. Hudson Bay is often considered part of the Arctic Ocean; the International Hydrographic Organization, in its 2002 working draft[5] of Limits of Oceans and Seas defined the Hudson Bay, with its outlet extending from 62.5 to 66.5 degrees north (just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle) as being part of the Arctic Ocean, specifically "Arctic Ocean Subdivision 9.11". The port was originally owned by the Government of Canada but was sold in 1997 to the American company OmniTRAX to run privately. All are part of the territory Nunavut. Discovery became trapped in the ice over the winter, and the crew survived onshore at the southern tip of James Bay. Beals, C. S. (editor), p. 1015–1033. 23, Census division [Census division], Manitoba", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Fort Severn 89, Indian reserve [Census subdivision], Ontario and Kenora, District [Census division], Ontario", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Kuujjuarapik, Village nordique [Census subdivision], Quebec and Nord-du-Québec, Census division [Census division], Quebec", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Puvirnituq, Village nordique [Census subdivision], Quebec and Quebec [Province]", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Umiujaq, Village nordique [Census subdivision], Quebec and Nord-du-Québec, Census division [Census division], Quebec", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_Bay&oldid=992615521, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map, Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry, Articles needing additional references from July 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. All, as are the islands in James Bay, are part of Nunavut and lie in the Arctic Archipelago. These strata, which are known as the Richmond Gulf Group, rest unconformably on Archean crystalline rocks of the Superior craton and are now preserved by downfaulting only within the Richmond Gulf Graben. This ice sheet was almost 2 miles (3.2 km) thick in most sections, and in two areas of Hudson Bay, it was 2.3 miles (3.7 km) thick. Much of the landform has been shaped by the actions of glaciers and the shrinkage of the bay over long periods of time. [39][40][41][42], The remaining history of the Hudson Bay basin is largely unknown as a major unconformity separates Upper Devonian strata from glacial deposits of the Pleistocene. General Survey of World Climatology, Landsberg ed., (1984), Elsevier. Some parts of Canada and especially The Hudson Bay, have less gravity than the rest of the earth. The port is connected to the Hudson Bay Railway, which shares the same parent company, and cargo connections are made with the Canadian National Railway system at HBR's southern terminus in The Pas. Based upon this data, geophysicists and other Earth scientists concluded that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was composed of two large domes to the west and east of Hudson Bay. [26], Water temperature peaks at 8–9 °C (46.4–48.2 °F) on the western side of the bay in late summer. The biggest port in the Hudson bay is the city of Churchill, which lays on the river with the same name, Churchill River. During Middle Silurian times, subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted. The deformation accompanying the Trans-Hudson orogeny could have masked evidence of such an Archean impact. Noting the paucity of impact structures on Earth in relation to the Moon and Mars and remarkable curvature of the shoreline of this part of Hudson Bay, Beals[1] proposes that the Nastapoka arc is possibly part of a Precambrian extraterrestrial meteor impact structure that is comparable in size to the Mare Crisium on the Moon. Routes from the port connect to the North Atlantic through the Hudson Strait. Except for poorly known terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels that are preserved as the fills of a ring of sinkholes around the centre of this basin, strata representing this period of time are absent from the Hudson Bay basin and the surrounding Canadian Shield. Hudson Bay has less gravity as compared to the rest of the world. The so-called Arctic Bridge would link Churchill, Manitoba, and the Russian port of Murmansk.[50]. There are many islands in Hudson Bay, mostly near the eastern coast. The current general consensus is that it is an arcuate boundary of tectonic origin between the Belcher Fold Belt and undeformed basement of the Superior Craton created during the Trans-Hudson orogeny. Other authorities include it in the Atlantic, in part because of its greater water budget connection with that ocean. More importantly, they were trading posts with the indigenous peoples who came to them with furs from their trapping season. The Hudson Bay region of Canada has less gravity than it’s supposed to. Gravity in the Hudson Bay area and surrounding regions, including Quebec, is lower than it is in other parts of the world. We would expect Hudson bay to be at the higher end of gravitation. Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua, French: baie d'Hudson), whiles (uisually heestorically) cried Hudson's Bay, is a muckle body o sautwatter in northeastren Canadae, wi a surface aurie o 1,230,000 square kilometre (470,000 sq mi). [48][49], The longer periods of ice-free navigation and the reduction of Arctic Ocean ice coverage have led to Russian and Canadian interest in the potential for commercial trade routes across the Arctic and into Hudson Bay. In contrast, most of the eastern shores (the Quebec portion) form the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec. Another group includes the Ottawa Islands. Its vegetation is typically boreal forest, and to the north, tundra. With an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square km), it is bounded by Nunavut territory (north and west), Manitoba and Ontario (south), and Quebec (east). No one knows the fate of Hudson or the crew members stranded with him, but historians see no evidence that they survived for long afterward. At the extreme southern tip of the extension known as James Bay arises a humid continental climate with a longer and generally hotter summer. [24] Vis-à-vis geographically closer Europe, contrasts stand much more extreme. In addition, total-field magnetic anomaly and Bouguer gravity maps of the Hudson Bay region in Eaton and Darbyshire (2010) clearly define the structural elements underlying Hudson Bay. the Hudson Bay gravitational anomaly is about -0.005%. One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the world's oceans, thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice-free. They occur as tightly folded, lightly metamorphosed (greenschist) preserved in easterly trending, elongate to irregular, structural basins known as greenstone belts. Hudson Bay and the associated structural basin lies within the centre of a large free-air gravity anomaly that lies within the Canadian Shield. [16] The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed, called Rupert's Land. It is well away from the poles and it is at Sea Level. The coast of Hudson Bay is extremely sparsely populated; there are only about a dozen communities. These anomalies are the differences between the theoretical value of gravity at the surface and the measured value. and Davis, J.L., 2007. the river that he explored in 1609 is also named, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal, "IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean", "Port of Churchill shut down after being refused bailout, premier suggests | The Star", "Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map", "Cree ask court to defend traditional rights on James Bay islands", "Russian ship crosses 'Arctic bridge' to Manitoba", "OmniTrax sells Port of Churchill, Hudson Bay rail line to First Nations group", "How Ottawa abandoned Churchill, our only Arctic port", "Feds to spend $117M for Churchill railway sale, repairs", "First ship docks at Churchill July 9 to load cargo bound for Nunavut", "Grain leaves Churchill for first time in four years", "Statistics Canada: 2016 Census Profile Chesterfield Inlet", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Rankin Inlet", "Statistics Canada: 2016 Census Profile Whale Cove", "Census Profile, 2016 Census Churchill, Town [Census subdivision], Manitoba and Division No. Before deposition was terminated by marine regression, Upper Devonian black bituminous shale accumulated in the south-east of the basin. Hudson Bay, inland sea indenting east-central Canada. In addition, a minor amount of terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels are preserved in the fills of a ring of sinkholes created by the dissolution of Silurian evaporites during the Cretaceous Period. HBC's trade monopoly was abolished in 1870, and it ceded Rupert's Land to Canada, an area of approximately 3,900,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi), as part of the Northwest Territories. The only Arctic deep-water port in Canada is the Port of Churchill, located at Churchill, Manitoba. For more than 40 years, scientists have tried to figure out what's causing large parts of Canada, particularly the Hudson Bay region, to be "missing" gravity. [51][52] With no sale finalized by July 2016, OmniTRAX shut down the port and the major railroad freight operations in August 2016. In December 2015, OmniTRAX announced it was negotiating a sale of the port, and the associated Hudson Bay Railway, to a group of First Nations based in northern Manitoba. It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 km2 (1,490,900 sq mi),[3] that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, all of Manitoba and indirectly through smaller passages of water parts of the U.S. states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson's Bay Company officials in an express canoe crossing a lake Employés de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson traversant un lac en canot (26984621121).jpg 8,224 × 5,052; 23.79 MB Hudson's Bay Company outpost (10860322245).jpg 3,864 × 2,474; 1,004 KB It is a prominent, near-perfect circular arc, covering more than 160° of a 450-km-diameter circle. Arkhangelsk at 64°N in northwestern Russia has an average of 2 °C or 36 °F,[25] while the mild continental coastline of Stockholm at 59°N on the shore of an analogous large hyposaline marine inlet – the Baltic Sea – has an annual average of 8 °C or 46 °F. [23], The Hudson Bay region has very low year-round average temperatures. According to Robert Frost's answer to Why is that Hudson Bay area of Canada has 4% less gravity than the rest of the world? [12], Canada treats the bay as an internal body of water and has claimed it as such on historic grounds. [39][40][41][42], From the large quantity of published geologic data that has been collected as the result of hydrocarbon exploration, academic research, and related geologic mapping, a detailed history of the Hudson Bay basin has been reconstructed. The average annual temperature for Churchill at 59°N is −6 °C or 21.2 °F and Inukjuak facing cool westerlies in summer at 58°N an even colder −7 °C or 19.4 °F. 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