greek ideal of masculine behavior

Besidesthe soft features, the soft features, slender face and cropped hair of many Greek sculptures could simply be a false projection of modern ideas of feminine features onto the past. 3 0 obj “The character of a man is known from his conversations,” argues Menander, the Greek dramatist. On a swelteringly hot day in the North Western Fells of The Lake District, the gaping mouth of a cave offered itself as a refuge and swallowed us mercifully into its cool damp interior. Single status acceptable; 4. The search for an identity and finding one's own definition of what it means to be a man is an important part of maturity for young men, one that has been with us through most of recorded history. stream What does this selection reveal about the Greek ideal of masculine behavior? While past literary heroes have tended to be masculine men and feminine women, modern heroes are often women who take on the heroic traits of men. Photograph: Lewis Eaton. Joss Whedon's female … Perhaps the current return of classical masculinity paradigms, in shaving cream adverts, music videos and obsessive gym culture, is a n anxious return to the comfortable past knownin the face of the in the face of turbulent gender roles ofin modern society, particularly for men — for whom the rigid and toxic stereotypes that have permeated since Polykleitos are finally being systematically questioned and deconstructed. The relevance of a 20th century cave-dweller to environmental aesthetics. Ancient Greek heroes sought out a perfect heroic death, which had to be immortalized in song in order to be considered heroic. The masculine are always looking for the point. Rather, it relates to nurturing (feminine) versus assertive (masculine) behaviors and ideals; like all of Hofstede's ratings, masculinity/femininity is believed to be engrained in the cultural mindset. It is safest to verbally agree in order to avoid confusion. It is interesting that in ages of anxiety and times of stress, rigid ancient traditions of masculinity tend to return — from far-right groups of masculine white suprematismsupremacism adopting ancient heritage and symbols, to the hypermasculine Grecian aesthetic that still permeates the Western gay community, a response to the horror and fear of the 80s AIDSs crisis. One of the pet projects of misogyny is the routine and ritualistic quieting of women. Being victorious was more important, in Greek thought, than being good or selfless. He organised camping excursions for the outdoors novice which included teaching hiking, rock climbing, rafting and how to forage for food. You probably think that, in Greece, men don't need to apply any effort at all to keep the girls mesmerized. This masculine imagery, having perhaps departed popular culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is returning to popularity in our era. What I found extraordinary for the time was that these excursions didn’t exclude women, with one of Dalton’s advertisements for a mountaineering course stating his views bluntly: “Ladies are welcome to the camp. �`� �9 ��#P��0�d��;,��"{MB��f aVp�5�Γ��St�ad�J��N݆SeE� |,��ߑ�p��!b��B��៪�,�r�,!v�x��lVx�iЗҀ Functional--breadwinner, provider; 3. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. How the Greek idea of manliness changed in the age of the great philosophers like Plato Greek conceptions of masculinity are intimately tied to the virtue of courage. Justice 3. Literature tells its own story; that slender face and cropped hair of many Greek sculptures could simply be a false projection of modern ideas of feminine features onto the past. The ideal image of man, largely sourced from Homeric legend, still forms the basis of our ideas of masculinity — not only the physical form of a stereotypical Homeric hero, but the mental traits — strength, physical skill, courage: qualities all used today in adverts selling cars and colognes. 1 0 obj Telemachus’s behavior is especially notable because of the lack of attention paid by the rest of the household. The seven knightly virtues are a code of conduct forknights. Greek lyric poet Bacchylideswrote wrote regarding an unnamed male object of his attention: ‘He shone among the other pentathletes as the bright moon in the middle of the month outshines the stars; in this way he showed his wondrous body to the great ring of watching Greeks…’. It is just true that when people define masculine or define femininity they immediately think of the gender differences. In 1904, at the age of thirty-six, Millican Dalton gave up his life as an insurance clerk in London in order to dedicate himself to The Great Outdoors. On leaving, I noticed a large, flat stone covered in scrawlings. In literature, the ideals of masculinity are divided; on the one hand, the ‘Achilles’ ethos perpetuates a masculinity of prowess on the battlefield, courage, brutality, physical superiority — familiar Homeric examples including Heracles, Ajax, and of course Achilles. Masculine behavior was a very important factor in the Greek society. �� /��"G��_P��4��p8��w��W��"څ� u��x��< 9��G\��Z�HG�! [if !supportLineBreakNewLine], Kanye West, Music video to ‘Power’, 2010 (Photo: Youtube). Far from your conventional hermit, Dalton was an active and sociable member of the community. This jeer was enough to cause the boy to kill him in revenge for being accused of effeminacy. We spent a few minutes scrambling around on the siltstone, marvelling at the height of the cave walls and exchanging the obligatory comments about feeling small in big spaces. x��[��Hr�n��?�È�n6_��3�ׇ,ଝ,�}�%Jb�"u$5�s}��͗H�6Hv��쮮��ǯ��vɦ�޽��o�dsH�ַۯ��__N��d�I��ݝ��z��a�NX_wo�˅��%�ȉ�0TN��G��Kh��o\kO�H�>�}�;oVkeVk�NW�]�+߶Vki�u��\�֑]$�Ub{g��n}��7?��Ȃ�Uz�Q�i��? The socialization of masculine ideals starts at a young age and defines ideal masculinity as related to toughness, stoicism, heterosexism, self-sufficient attitudes and lack of emotional sensitivity (Wall & Kristjanson, 2005), and of connectedness. The seven virtues are the following; 1. 2 0 obj The code contains the seven virtues that they should possess to makesure their behavior is impeccable. Wooing a Greek man can take time and effort but if you are willing to go the distance, your rewards will be greater than King Midas’ stash of gold. Femininities and masculinities are plural—there are many forms of femininity and many forms of masculinity. A set of characteristics that, if adopted,would turn a rough knight into an admirable man to look up to. In the last article about character we looked at which character traits are stronger in the average man. �#��B�\K7�#]��+��7�N��{��q֧,�b��qYU��;Y��/��|�o�h�y��D�x�Vۿُ��6�T��ˢn*��]Zm��C ��Wo�y��Y1�P@S}p�RP$��A74OZ4D�c��8�Y�SG�h��}I��$Z"�rB�vׅHw 9�f 8o�ʥ Sex between freemen, however, was problematic for status. <> Ancient Greek medical texts also provide many remedies for male impotence: for example, smearing your penis with a mixture of pepper, olive oil, and honey. Modern cliché comes from ancient truth; courage … m�}��04%N�ڳ_&��:&š,�V�H;ہ��N�/X�4�6��2��繑!��@d��3N�r�N4"�0;uV�s#��w,D%ˣ9�Ϧ{^g�S�2OY�p��O )��~ ��IK��r��C��M��Ud7��U�J娞x�Y��v��F�w,]u�]� Rڸ6��=� In one given country you will find that indeed men are more masculine than women. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 842.04] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> On the other, the ‘Odysseus’ ethos; a hero who shows his masculinity through cunning, wisdom and good counsel — Aeneas, the family man of the Aeneid, a textbook Romanic example. The ideal image of man, largely sourced from Homeric legend, still forms the basis of our ideas of masculinity — not only the physical form of a stereotypical Homeric hero, but the mental traits — strength, physical skill, courage: qualities all used today in adverts selling cars and colognes. They wanted everyone 1to know that they were better than any nation in boxing, wrestling, jumping and running. This particular cave, set into the hillside of Castle Crag, allows you to peer out at the gently swaying trees and glimmering daylight of the outside world from a viewing point void of light and sound. It was from a frantic Googling during the car ride home that I came to find out we had happened across a sort-of pilgrimage place for hikers: the cave in which a man had lived out his summers for over forty consecutive years. What actual behaviors and traits are masculine? Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics into an ambiguous form. Female physical traits – shorter and smaller body builds, little muscle, higher voices, thinner and less body hair, softer skin, thinner eyebrows and no facial hair. However, by our modern standards, high Hellenistic representations of men could be termed ‘effeminate’. The spectacle of the ancient Greek male body is as enduring and relevant now as it was in 500 BC. Dover published his influential book Greek Homosexualityin 1978, an avalanche of new studies has appeared. After all, most of the guys over there really are as handsome as ancient statues, or the gods that they depict. [endif], Paul Nash: An Unlikely Mouthpiece for a Nation Destroyed, Sale of 268 Pieces from L.A Meyer Museum Postponed Last Minute Due To Widespread Objection, {"items":["6007576cc5db8b001891cc48","5ffde5e05eba820017cd155d","5ffdc8aa8129e80017ef249e","5ffdad7b237e62001818e10a"],"styles":{"galleryType":"Columns","groupSize":1,"showArrows":true,"cubeImages":true,"cubeType":"max","cubeRatio":1.7777777777777777,"isVertical":true,"gallerySize":30,"collageAmount":0,"collageDensity":0,"groupTypes":"1","oneRow":false,"imageMargin":22,"galleryMargin":0,"scatter":0,"rotatingScatter":"","chooseBestGroup":true,"smartCrop":false,"hasThumbnails":false,"enableScroll":true,"isGrid":true,"isSlider":false,"isColumns":false,"isSlideshow":false,"cropOnlyFill":false,"fixedColumns":0,"enableInfiniteScroll":true,"isRTL":false,"minItemSize":50,"rotatingGroupTypes":"","rotatingCropRatios":"","columnWidths":"","gallerySliderImageRatio":1.7777777777777777,"numberOfImagesPerRow":3,"numberOfImagesPerCol":1,"groupsPerStrip":0,"borderRadius":0,"boxShadow":0,"gridStyle":0,"mobilePanorama":false,"placeGroupsLtr":false,"viewMode":"preview","thumbnailSpacings":4,"galleryThumbnailsAlignment":"bottom","isMasonry":false,"isAutoSlideshow":false,"slideshowLoop":false,"autoSlideshowInterval":4,"bottomInfoHeight":0,"titlePlacement":"SHOW_BELOW","galleryTextAlign":"center","scrollSnap":false,"itemClick":"nothing","fullscreen":true,"videoPlay":"hover","scrollAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","slideAnimation":"SCROLL","scrollDirection":0,"scrollDuration":400,"overlayAnimation":"FADE_IN","arrowsPosition":0,"arrowsSize":23,"watermarkOpacity":40,"watermarkSize":40,"useWatermark":true,"watermarkDock":{"top":"auto","left":"auto","right":0,"bottom":0,"transform":"translate3d(0,0,0)"},"loadMoreAmount":"all","defaultShowInfoExpand":1,"allowLinkExpand":true,"expandInfoPosition":0,"allowFullscreenExpand":true,"fullscreenLoop":false,"galleryAlignExpand":"left","addToCartBorderWidth":1,"addToCartButtonText":"","slideshowInfoSize":200,"playButtonForAutoSlideShow":false,"allowSlideshowCounter":false,"hoveringBehaviour":"NEVER_SHOW","thumbnailSize":120,"magicLayoutSeed":1,"imageHoverAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imagePlacementAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","calculateTextBoxWidthMode":"PERCENT","textBoxHeight":160,"textBoxWidth":200,"textBoxWidthPercent":50,"textImageSpace":10,"textBoxBorderRadius":0,"textBoxBorderWidth":0,"loadMoreButtonText":"","loadMoreButtonBorderWidth":1,"loadMoreButtonBorderRadius":0,"imageInfoType":"ATTACHED_BACKGROUND","itemBorderWidth":0,"itemBorderRadius":0,"itemEnableShadow":false,"itemShadowBlur":20,"itemShadowDirection":135,"itemShadowSize":10,"imageLoadingMode":"BLUR","expandAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imageQuality":90,"usmToggle":false,"usm_a":0,"usm_r":0,"usm_t":0,"videoSound":false,"videoSpeed":"1","videoLoop":true,"jsonStyleParams":"","gallerySizeType":"px","gallerySizePx":292,"allowTitle":true,"allowContextMenu":true,"textsHorizontalPadding":-30,"itemBorderColor":{"themeName":"color_12","value":"rgba(204,204,204,0)"},"showVideoPlayButton":true,"galleryLayout":2,"calculateTextBoxHeightMode":"MANUAL","textsVerticalPadding":-15,"targetItemSize":292,"selectedLayout":"2|bottom|1|max|true|0|true","layoutsVersion":2,"selectedLayoutV2":2,"isSlideshowFont":true,"externalInfoHeight":160,"externalInfoWidth":0},"container":{"width":214,"galleryWidth":236,"galleryHeight":0,"scrollBase":0,"height":null}}, Millican Dalton: A Sublime Midlife Crisis. The daytrip itself had been to seek refuge in The Lakes; an attempt at replacing the stagnancy of a locked-down city summer with a more welcome, less claustrophobic, kind of tranquillity. At the centre in neat, deeply-etched letters read ‘Don’t Waste Words, Jump to Conclusions’ with dozens of smaller sections of writing surrounding this. Nobility 7. Sexual--sexually aggressive, experienced. Hope If you want to know more about these virtues, scroll downfor a more in-depth explanation. In ancient Greece, same-sex romantic and sexual attractions were often regarded as a matter of taste or preference rather than a moral issue. Mercy 4. They organized some sports event which contained running wrestling and disc throwing. Furthermore, Heracles, a man of such heroism that his talents earned him a place in the Pantheon, was sentenced to live one year as a slave to Lydian Queen Omphale. Emotional--unemotional, stoic; 5. Having spent part of his childhood in Nenthead, the North Pennines, he found life and work in the capital stifling in comparison. In any one culture, certain behaviors or practices may be widely recognized as “feminine” or “masculine,” irrespective of whether they are adopted by women or by men. <> Sculptors took their philosophy to stone by creating perfection through symmetry and natural form in each of their works. %PDF-1.5 At the mouth of the cave at Borrowdale, May 2020. When androgyny refers to mixed biological sex characteristics in humans, it often refers to intersex people. This emerging youthfulness could be blamed on the Greek culture of pederasty; the romantic relationship between an adult male and a younger boy. Physical--virile, athletic, strong, brave. Top Row: Unknown artist, Croatian Apoxyomenos, 1st Century BC, bronze, 192 cm, Mali Lošinj Museum of Apoxyomenos (Photo: Museum of Apoxyomenos)Praxiteles, Hermes and the Infant Dionysus, 4th Century BC, marble, 212 cm, Archaeological Museum of Olympia (Photo: Wikipedia)Praxiteles, the Farnese Hermes, 1st Century BC, marble, 201 cm, British Museum (Photo: British Museum)Unknown artist, Apoxyomenos, 1st Century AD, bronze, 193 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (Photo: Ephesos Museum)Bottom Row: Unknown artist, Hermes of the Museo Pio-Clementino, 4th Century BC, marble, Museo Pio-Clementino (Photo: Museo Pio-Clementino)Praxiteles, the Farnese Hermes, 1st Century BC, marble, 201 cm, British Museum (Photo: British Museum)Unknown artist, Bronze Athlete, 340 – 330 BC, Bronze, National Archaeological Museum, Athens (Photo. 7�DzL�� 9�L�a�g��xR��yZ��W��7��B��u� �_Y��D>�Jү�� '�2��2�Cz Zpe��UM��ZG��N9��6��U��%��~�>��.pH�Z I Modern cliché comes from ancient truth; courage was so sacred to the Spartans soldiers that any man who acted cowardly on the field of battle would at best lose citizen status, and at worse suffer such humiliation and shaming that suicide was often preferable. endobj The high Hellenistic perfect body developed from this Olympic, athletic trend, and was canonised in Polykleitos’s treatise Kanon; an exemplification of aesthetic theories of the mathematical bases of artistic perfection, visualised in the well-known statue Doryphoros. p��&/7(��l�-�8[L8�p��_&r,�)�Q��A�^[2�|`(��kJ+��a= Qr�x��Y�-��qq!��W �F_�b5��g�gGd6)2&3��=�ku��&UН�ɂ�įm��؂�a�̖C*\A�.f��`��w`��+I��rC[G0Q*��Z�xV�.KzyA��9-��^8�6F��x�eZi�J��nC�o��'u�d�M��xu*��""�m��, So here are 5 masculine behaviors that women don’t understand: 1. The historical approach: scholars are looking for the (hypothetical) roots … Below this in the hierarchy are ‘subordinated masculinities’, the most important of which is homosexual masculinity. If you want to make your penis look especially big, soak the root of a specific but unidentifiable plant in good wine for three days and, when needed, tie it to your thigh. To indicate "no", one tilts the head backward once; nodding the head slightly forward means "yes". Characteristics of a masculine culture: priorities are achievement, wealth, expansion, and war; in politics, conflicts are resolved by aggression There is nothing new in ladies camping, the custom being at least 10,000 years old.” This rare indiscriminate approach led to Dalton forging a long-lasting friendship with geologist Mabel Barker, who over the years consistently recommended Dalton’s courses to women students and friends. This culture became common in the 6th century BC. Likewise, Telemachus displays proper behavior for a guest at the courts of Nestor and Menelaus in Pylos and Sparta, respecting his hosts’ households and treating them with honor. Considering how society has always either disregarded or dismissed male emotion, it is no surprise stoic behavior has now come to be viewed as an attractive masculine ideal. Being stoic ; Men are constantly given the message that they must be self-reliant, independent, physically tough etc. Imitated for centuries afterwards, Greek sculpture is a prime example of the classical ideal. endobj Odysseus and Achilles both fit the artistic stereotype that rose through Athen’s’ golden age, a physical ideal of man defined by works such as the Diskobolos, the Diadumenos, and the Doryphoros. Though roles vary slightly in each culture, there are certain vital characteristics that appear in almost every male… Masculine behavioral traits – Aggressive, assertive, ambitious, courageous, competitive, logical and analytical. Complicity to the aforementioned masculine characteristics was another key feature of the original framework of hegemonic masculinity. Gender is also one of the first social categories that children learn in today's societies, and thus knowledge of gender stereotypes is evident from early childhood on (for a recent review, see Steffens and Viladot, 2015) and into adulthood, with both adolescents and college students construing their self-concepts in line with the gender stereotypes they have internalize… [if !supportLineBreakNewLine] The very word that we translate as courage, andreia, comes from the Greek word for a male adult, anêr/andros and can be translated as „manliness.‟ Courage is usually used to specify the excellence of bravery and valor, Unconcerned about appearance and aging; 2. Both anecdotes perhaps act as comic inversion of gender roles, but of gender roles, but not a slight regardless, they do not act regardlesson their heroic masculinity. Thus, fully achieving hegemonic masculinity becomes an unattainable ideal. However, sources suggest femininity even in young boys was rejected rather than encouraged; Plutarch famously recounts the inappropriately hilarious story of Periander, tyrant of Ambracia,, who asked a boy - ‘Aren't you pregnant yet?’ while surrounded by other male peers. While novelist Mark Twain claims, “Clothes make the man,” as “Naked people have little or no influence on society.” To break it down to the basics, there are a few common traits that essentially make up the masculine gender. Men are told that to be this way will make them successful in terms of business, society, and finding a partner. Interpersonal--leader, dominating; disciplinarian; independent, individualistic(applies to western societie… <>>> endobj From then on Dalton split his year, spending the summer months in the cave under Castle Crag and winters in a canvas hut in Buckinghamshire. So in the highest scoring country, Japan, the men would score more masculine than the Japanese women. Roman ideals of masculinity were thus premised on taking an active role that was also, as Williams has noted, "the prime directive of masculine sexual behavior for Romans." Faith 6. Each gave names and dates, with many faded with age and dissolving back into the stone’s surface. Achilles, star of the Iliad and undoubtedly a Hero of Heroes, was disguised as a woman in his youth and hidden by his sea-nymph mother among the daughters of Lycomedes, under the name ‘Pyrrha’, the red-haired girl. %�� The spectacle of the ancient Greek male body is as enduring and relevant now as it was in 500 BC. �QР/2ӟ�o��O@�@��?i�p�.�(�/(YhY ��{�, ��X��)�h��Z��Eo��S2�C'C��FO"a�*�W��\OB^�M-/��i�5@��WS�.�n�VX1˺2�hz��,��C��~"�z��^�G��c��֦�CR��-�g��Iv!�9�dR�.�{�g�\,�A�K�#/mqxg�؎�6"پ�iv�TƟB{��>}C'MJ��4"��߀!b��k�\�ý �)%L�#Ve�9e��eO܇��m�2/��p�x�p�ԶĶ��5��5��y,$��(T�E"'�c`�֬��9��MeimQL�2նJ8��h%%r�� HN Femininities and masculinities are not descriptors of sexual orientation. We can discern two approaches: 1. Stoic-ness exists as a pillar of traditional masculinity alongside competitiveness, dominance, and aggression. Ancient.eu)Unknown artist, Bronze head of Apollo, 2nd Century BC, Bronze, Musée d'Art Classique de Mougins, (Photo: Modern Classicisms), The preteen softness of these Grecian youths marks a strong comparison to the equally as heroic but considerably older Riace Bronzes, who more accurately depict the traditional pantheon of masculine heroes. The topic of masculinity is one I come back to over and over again because it's a long-running question for many men. // greek goddess by Rural Warrior Photography. Every time a group of people is addressed as “Ladies and Gentlemen!” the pervasiveness of gender over all other social categories is demonstrated. These idealized human images were the embodiment of balance and … Both men assumed positions in the pantheon of heroes that not only influenced the masculinity ideals of the Roman civilisation to come to pass, but have influencedit up it �;2�h\. Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1974, 35-36) describes seven areas of traditional masculinity in Western culture: 1. Dalton and Barker atop a needle, 1913. Caves are otherworldly places. !��%E��o��֡]#M��O؅�@�mOG�C�s|x�s��پ��ҍ�h��"�e�+�Hx��}�b"1�7r��nP@$�O8U��~�A^j��|Ā�;W��c'4ˋA��r/��3i�5 �K�.ak��-�q��7[�INy0&�s��jȣ7��w�h�W��n?xh��ʫ��H�ǟ��_�P6My\vj�]�� +��H2�|�ڛ�_�OV�n�S��[Ե[T�-�g�ۙ�ֱ��bnU{�CJ��|⵭x�>^D-�n��j�,"��3�g�� D��yS� ��{-��Z��K��#G�íط��j��F��θ+��x��?6C|�,(o8��>��/�q�Q8x�V�|hM*�Z�7�ǎ�� Nodding: Greeks do not nod and shake their head to communicate in the same way as the English-speaking West. Literature tells its own story; associating or dabbling in gender play was far from a shameful act for men. Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with boys and men.Although masculinity is socially constructed, research indicates that some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced. Courage 2. More prone to acting, then talking. The impetus toward action might express itself most intensely in an ideal of dominance that reflects the … Generosity 5. It thrives by penalizing behavior which does not conform to its standard and celebrating behavior which does. By the end of the nineteenth century, the modern ideal of masculinity was firmly in place, characterised by 'Greek' physique, a steeling character, and nationalism. Big 5 aspects differences. The male nude, usually presented in an athletic pose, was the most common subject of this ancient art form. Top 10 Toxic Masculinity behaviors. This is an ideal of masculinity that few actual men live up to, but from which most gain advantage and so Connell calls the next level ‘complicit masculinity’. “One fundamental rule of masculine behaviour was that a self-respecting man should play the insertive (“active”) role in penetrative sexual acts, and never the receptive (“passive”) role.”4 This can be called the prime directive of masculine sexual behaviour for Romans, and as mentioned before, has an obvious relationship to broader structures of hierarchal male power. The Mable Barker Collection. Dark (or mildly silver-streaked) hair, deep gaze, manly facial features, slim and tanned body, and, lest we forget, the famous Greek profile - what a winning combination! Perhaps in contrast to our female-centric beauty ideals in the common era, the male body was as much a spectacle as the female body in ancient Greece;: a body watched, admired and adored, and consequently,Wrote a body that could be commented on and critiqued. Hegemonic masculinity imposes an ideal set of traits which stipulate that a man can never be unfeminine enough. Violent debate, enthusiastic writings, shamefaced silence, flights of fantasy: few aspects of ancient society are so hotly contested as Greek pederasty, or - as we shall see below - homosexuality. The ‘ideal’ man is supposed to be rational and indifferent to crises at all times. �-bJS��+ȫ��KN� 2O\C/�bJ��7D>�Ր�ۢt�F�qkfqd�Xo@h��h�?B7y�x ��BD,r�� _��> >X��%]�ZtS�"�18 a P��wxYI��{Y�>�R�� #kV0 |�!��i1��6�+:y۲��V��ZX�@FK�X��A�sU��,��|��ۑSY�d!2�9��b1�zN��)��2�+ �$B0V� 4 0 obj Intellectual--logical, intellectual, rational, objective, practical, 6. Only this modern aesthetic, supported by the continuing prestige of Greek male nude statuary, allows assertions like that of R. R. R. Smith, that Roman nude portraits are a covert revenge of enslaved Greek sculptors on their barbarian masters. 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