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Morphological changes within the skulls of early hominids are obvious and can be measured and compared in an attempt to clarify the relationships between hominid groups. Calipers. The Turkana Boy or ‘Nariokotome Boy’ as he is sometimes called, lived about 1.5 million years ago. 13.Does the chin stick out or does it slope back? The change from the oblong skull and protruding face of ancient humans (right) to the modern rounder skull and retracted face is associated with a sharper bend in the floor of the brain case (lower left), thought to be caused by increased brain size. 14.Count the number of incisors, canines, premolars, molars in one-half of the mandible. ( a� W X � � , 4 6 � � � � � � � � � 4 5 > @ X ` b d y � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Original specimens from zoo and museum collections are the basis for these polyurethane casts. � Dated to about 3.5 million years ago. Of the many possible traits used to identify fossil hominid skulls, we will focus on the following eleven traits. Use your fingers or a ruler to determine the slope (direction). To study the hominid's brain, Falk and colleagues, including anthropologist Charles Hildebolt of the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology in St. Louis, Missouri, analyzed a cast of the inner surface of its skull, or endocast, which preserves the surface features of the brain. INCLUDEPICTURE "http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/physiognomy/media/cranium_front.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/physiognomy/media/cranium_side.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.utexas.edu/courses/denbow/hominidimages/erectusskull2.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.utexas.edu/courses/denbow/hominidimages/neanderskull2.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.utexas.edu/courses/denbow/hominidimages/hsapiensskull2.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "C:\\Documents and Settings\\jbevers\\Local Settings\\Temporary Internet Files\\Content.IE5\\NUGRBH0X\\ausskull2[1].jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET � � A (Staff illustration by Alec Solomita ) In this laboratory activity students will examine nine hominin skulls for specialized features and take measurements that will enable them to determine the relatedness of these species. Does the skull have a brow ridge or bony ridge over the eyes (supraorbital)? / � � � � � � � � � $$�Z d� $7$ 8$ H$ If ^�Z gd*� / 0 � kd4 $$If �( � ִ ��)!��$=) � U � b � �0 � � � � � � �e)� � � � � � � � � � �� 4� By examining their skulls we can explore characteristics which reflect their evolutionary relationships. 10.Ratio of height to maximum width of nasal opening? 1. 7. More information on skulls Australopithecines: hominins characterized by relatively small brains, large cheek teeth, a skeleton with some ape-like features and little evidence of culture. 3. measure the length of the opening of the Zygomatic arch (where muscles insert for the jaw). Animals that use their jaws for defense or that eat tough foods requiring heavy chewing need large, muscular jaws. Biology teacher Andrew Douch makes comparisons between the skulls of an ancient hominin (Australopithecus afarensis) and a modern hominin (Homo sapiens). 10 minutes. ( a� � � � � � � � � � � � $$�Z d� $7$ 8$ H$ If ^�Z gd*� � kd $$If �( � �P ִ ��)!��$=) � U � b � �0 � � � � � � �e)� � � � � � � � � � �� 4� The two main characteristics of hominids are bipedalism and big brains. Hominid Skulls Comparison Lab. Is there a dental comb (lower incisors and both canines extremely narrow and slant forward, used extensively in grooming). 17.Use a ruler to measure the length of an exposed upper canine tooth. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/11/24/know-your-hominid-skulls Older, more primitive hominins tend to have more constricted skulls than younger ones. The face has gotten flatter, the nose is less of a snout and humans have small teeth and jaws in comparison to the modern apes. ( a� ` c | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $$�Z d� $7$ 8$ H$ If ^�Z gd*� � � � kdr $$If �( � ִ ��)!��$=) � U � b � �0 � � � � � � �e)� � � � � � � � � � �� 4� Does the frontal bone slope back flatly or does it rise more vertically? Explain. Capabilities and Skills. Fossils show unusual mixture of features: size of skull is similar to A. afarensis and A. africanus, and has a large, flat face and small teeth. ( a� � � � � � � � � � � � $$�Z d� $7$ 8$ H$ If ^�Z gd*� � kd� They provide attachment points for the muscles of the lower jaw. 3.How is C different from D? Skulls are replicas, but are actual size and quite detailed. He was about 9 to 12 years of age when he died but was already 1.6 metres tall and may have reached 1.85 metres as an adult. Use calipers and ruler to measure the maximum WIDTH of the braincase (cranium). Primitive Traits in Hominids Erect posture, Bipedal movement, Sagittal crest, Diastema (gap between incisors and canines), Cranial capacity ~320-380 cc, Prognathic face, Brow ridge, Large canines, Foramen magnum angled back, Large backward extending Zygomatic arch, Low flat forehead, large incisors Many characteristics of the fossil hominid skulls when compared with modern humans and modern apes exhibit features that are intermediate in form between the two. This is especially useful with fossils, because such ancient organisms are often extinct and we can't go out and watch how they live. 2. Skull and Dental Features. These bones arc from the cheek area toward the ears, and are very prominent in this Australopithecusmodel (left). It had a mixture of primitive features in the skull, and advanced features in the body. Primitive Traits in Hominids Erect posture, Bipedal movement, Sagittal crest, Diastema (gap between incisors and canines), Cranial capacity ~320-380 cc, Prognathic face, Brow ridge, Large canines, Foramen magnum angled back, Large backward extending Zygomatic arch, Low flat forehead, large incisors Skull Data Measurements to be done in millimeters (mm) are marked with an * Characteristics followed by a ? Why is this hominid find important? � Calipers. This is called a prognathism. A. garhi existed around 2.5 Myrs. 4.Is A more closely related to B, C, or D? Capabilities and Skills •More than 100 tools for engraving, sculpting, sewing, and hunting. The figure below lists 13 features that scientists use to describe a homi-nid skull. The hodge-podge of features on the hominin skulls found in the Spanish cave (Skull 15 shown here) suggests Neanderthals developed their distinct … Features of Hominidae skulls Aspect of the skull Location Compare amounts between skulls. The size of the lower jaw is correlated with the size and prominence of the zygomatic arches. � ( a� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $$�Z d� $7$ 8$ H$ If ^�Z gd*� � � � kd� $$If �( � ִ ��)!��$=) � U � b � �0 � � � � � � �e)� � � � � � � � � � �� 4� Hominid Skulls Comparison Lab Introduction: In this lab you will learn several anatomical features of the human skull and compare this with replicas of several extinct hominids (other bipedal primates, such as Australopithecus). Large, muscular jaws require large arches for attachment. ] ^ � I � L � G � � r � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � gd*� d� �� 7$ 8$ H$ gd�0� � � H I � � � � r t � � � � � � � p � ��Ķ��hQ� ,h^3 h�0� 5�B*CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ ph ,h^3 h*� 5�B*CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ ph $h^3 h*� 5�B*OJ QJ ^J ph $h^3 h�0� 5�B*OJ QJ ^J ph !h�0� 5�B*OJ QJ \�^J ph h*� B*OJ QJ ^J ph h*� OJ QJ ^J h*� h*� 5�CJ OJ QJ \�^J aJ h�0� B*OJ QJ ^J ph h2rK B*OJ QJ ^J ph � � � � � � � � o p q s v � � � � � { o � � � � � d� 7$ 8$ H$ gd�0� ] kd $$If �( �F W) �� S��W)� � ��4� This article reinforces students learning from the explore section of lesson. “The problem is that some skulls that are clearly modern don’t have all the modern features and a number of clearly archaic skulls have some of these features,” Lieberman notes. This article reinforces students learning from the explore section of lesson. Present or not? erectus, such as the shape of the squamous part of temporal bone, the zygomatic (cheekbone) root being very thick and there being keeling along the sagittal midline. Mastoid process: is the bone behind the ear well-developed (easy to see) or is it flat? ��ࡱ� > �� bjbj�� .� �� , � � � P � p � � � q s s s s s s � � � s � u � � u u s � � � � u v � � q u q �� !��g� � � ] � 0 � F � F F � \ � " S � � � s s � . Many common features of all skulls can be compared including: Cranium size: the cranium, the part of the skull that encloses the brain Forehead shape: Does the forehead slope? •Brain larger than modern human’s brain (“It’s not the SIZE of the brain, it’s how you USE it!”) •Bulge at back of skull, bony brows, jutting face, heavy jaw •Stocky and short-limbed bodies •Thick, heavy bones and powerful muscles. 16 Lower incisor length* 17Upper canine length*18Molar surface area = length x width *20 Dental comb present?21Unique features Use your data from the skull comparisons to answer the following. � If a skull is missing a specific part, then skip it. 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