In Iraq, the year 2014 began with al-Qaida militants expelling the Iraqi government from the city of Fallujah after days of fighting. [207], By April 2018, hundreds of ISIL fighters were still located in the Anbar desert.  Netherlands At its height, ISIL held 56,000 square kilometers of Iraqi territory, containing 4.5 million citizens. Investigating Mosul Strikes Said to Have Killed Up to 200 Civilians", "Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces launch operation southwest of Mosul", "Canadian elite special forces sniper makes record-breaking kill shot in Iraq", "Mosul now freed from ISIS: What's next for the city left in ruins? In August 1921, the British installed Hashemite King Faisal I as the client ruler of the British Mandate of Iraq. This set off a wave of Shi'a reprisals against Sunnis followed by Sunni counterattacks. After ISIL forces retreated, Kurdish fighters were initially faced with the clearing out mines around the area,[158] but quickly opened a land corridor to those mountains, enabling Yazidis to be evacuated.  Canada (2014–16)[6] [198] An operation was launched on 7 February to hunt down the remnants of ISIL in Saladin Governorate, as well as members of Ansar al-Sunna and the "White Flags", a new insurgent group[199] reportedly consisting of former ISIL members and Kurdish mafia groups. The war reinvigorated racial Islamist militants, set back women’s rights, and weakened an already fragile healthcare system. A multitude of groups formed the Iraqi insurgency, which arose in a piecemeal fashion as a reaction to local events, notably the realisation of the U.S. military's inability to control Iraq. While the Islamic State caliphate in Iraq was destroyed in the civil war, ISIL continued a lower-scale insurgency from its natural hideouts in the Wadi Hauran region, and they used guerrilla warfare and terrorism to fight on. [175], The 2017 Mosul massacre was the largest single death toll inflicted by a coalition air strike since the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. [200], Despite these efforts, ISIL continued to hold out in the western desert[202][203][204] and wage an insurgency campaign against government forces in northern Iraq by mid-2018, most notably in Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates. [210] According to a study by the European Parliament in May 2018, around 30% of Western European ISIL members have returned to their countries, in which they would face a criminal investigation and risk assessment. [214] The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidi people from their ancestral lands in northern Iraq. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. [128] The Arab League also accused the Islamic State of committing crimes against humanity. Ansar al-Islam The target was successfully hit at 3,540 metres from a high-rise, setting the world's longest recorded sniper kill. The death squads were often disgruntled Shi'ites, including members of the security forces, who killed Sunnis to avenge the consequences of the insurgency against the Shi'ite-dominated government. Months of relative calm in Baghdad ended with over 27 people killed by suicide bombers over a period of 3 days in mid-January 2018. The report labeled the situation a "low-grade civil war. Bomb attacks aimed at civilians usually targeted crowded places such as marketplaces and mosques in Shi'ite cities and districts. [31] A poll of top U.S. foreign policy experts conducted in 2007 showed that over the next 10 years, just 3% of experts believed the U.S. would be able to rebuild Iraq into a "beacon of democracy" and 58% of experts believed that Sunni–Shiite tensions would dramatically increase in the Middle East.[32][33]. A civil war in Iraq does not necessitate a U.S. withdrawal, experts say. An Iraqi Civil War? The civil war officially ended in September 1998 when Barzani and Talabani signed the Washington Agreement establishing a formal peace treaty. At its height, ISIL held 56,000 square kilometers of Iraqi territory, containing 4.5 million citizens. What Iraqi Civil War? [150], In mid-November, Iraqi forces retook control of most of the strategic city Baiji from the Islamic State[151][152] and broke the siege of the nearby oil refinery. [36] Religious justification was used to support the political actions of these groups, as well as a marked adherence to Salafism, branding those against the jihad as non-believers. Life in many of the urban areas is now desperate. The Iraqi Civil War (1 January 2014-9 December 2017) was a three-year war fought between the Baghdad-based Iraqi government and the self-proclaimed Islamic State caliphate, based out of Mosul. Ground Fighters Emerge as ISIS Gains in Iraq", "Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi", Julie Bishop (Minister for Foreign Affairs), "Theresa May hails 'historic moment' as Islamic State is driven out of Iraq", "Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State", "Islamic State makes comeback in Iraq with switch to guerrilla tactics", "The War in Iraq Isn't Done. Major Iraqi government and allied victory, Islamic State of Iraq [45], On 22 February 2006, a highly provocative explosion took place at the al-Askari Mosque in the Iraqi city of Samarra, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda in Iraq. The claim that Iraq is in a civil war not only implies high levels of sustained violence but also that the Iraqi government is too weak to defend its citizens. [163], On 17 July, a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb in a crowded marketplace in the city of Khan Bani Saad during Eid al-Fitr celebrations, killing 120–130 people and injuring 130 more. Kurdish forces, meanwhile, recaptured Zumar. The Iraq–Civil War was an armed conflict between Iraqi forces and their allies and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS) which began in December 2013 and ended in December 2017. ", "Iraq launches offensive to retake Tal Afar from ISIL", "Iraq forces retake town of Hawija from IS", "World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Iraq", "Baghdad: Iraqi forces in full control of Kirkuk", "Iraqi forces drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar", "Iraqi Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani to step down", "Iraqi forces retake border crossing with Syria from Islamic State, Shi'ite militias say", "Mission Accomplished: Abadi declares 'end of war against IS' in I", "27 dead, dozens injured, in Baghdad double suicide bombing", "27 killed, 64 wounded in Baghdad bomb blast", "ISIS Claims Responsibility for Baghdad Bombings", "Iraqi army attacks Isis island stronghold", "Iraqi forces launch operation to hunt down rebels in Salahudin province", "No surrender: 'White Flags' group rises as new threat in northern Iraq", "Iraqis Flee Homes Amid New IS Insurgency", "Syrian-Iraqi border is completely ISIS free for first time in years – map", "Iraqi troops destroy IS arms depot, three missile launchers in western Iraq", "400 IS militants planning to resume terrorist activities from Anbar — source", "IS Attacks Drive Members of Iraqi Kakai Minority From Their Villages", "Islamic State attacks kill 10 in northern Iraq – police", "Iraq launches major anti-IS operation after killings", "Iraqi Forces Kill 'ISIS Slaughterer' in Anbar Desert | Asharq AL-awsat", "From Daesh to 'Diaspora': Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State", "The return of foreign fighters to EU soil", "Islamic State: Iraq sentences French citizens to death", "Nearly 19,000 civilians killed in Iraq in 21-month period, report says", "Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide, UN says", "Iraqi Civilians Fleeing ISIS in Mosul Face Torture and Death in Revenge Attacks: Amnesty", "Mosul offensive: Iraqi-backed troops accused of torturing civilians ahead of operation to rid city of Isis", Fractured Lands: How the Arab World Came Apart, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present), Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present), Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018), Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present), FULRO insurgency against Vietnam (1964–92), International military intervention against ISIL, Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan), Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Mozambique), Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014), February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya, Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015), Al-Hasakah city offensive (May–June 2015), Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016), Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016), Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016), Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016), Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016), Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016), Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017), East Aleppo offensive (January–April 2017), Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017), Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017), Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018), Persecution of gay and bisexual men by ISIL, Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party, Dutch involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Deir ez-Zor campaign (September 2017–present), Timeline of the American-led intervention in Syria, American military intervention in Cameroon, List of military awards and decorations of the international military intervention against ISIL, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014–2017)&oldid=992783699, Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Wars involving the Popular Mobilization Forces, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from October 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, ISIL expelled from all strongholds by 11 November 2017, Iraqi forces announce end of ISIL control on 9 December 2017 after securing the, Iraqi federal government captures 20% of territory controlled by, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 02:09. [37] The U.S. military also believe that between 5-10% of insurgent forces are non-Iraqi Arabs. [145], In mid-October ISIL forces captured the city of Hīt after the 300-strong Iraqi Army garrison abandoned and set fire to its local base and supplies. Although some 35,000 Kurdish Peshmerga were incorporated into the Iraqi Armed Forces, most Peshmerga forces operated under the command of the President of Iraqi Kurdistan in the Kurdish autonomous region of Iraq. However they have been greatly weakened and violence in Iraq has been sharply reduced in 2018. A UN representative said that "a humanitarian tragedy is unfolding in Sinjar. [116] Residents in the area said that ISIL had erased a piece of Iraqi heritage. After 1917, the United Kingdom took control of the country. Such killings occurred much more frequently during the 2006–07 period of sectarian violence. [55], The use of the term "civil war" has been controversial, with a number of commentators preferring the term "civil conflict". Early in 2003, I predicted that there would be no popular uprising against the Americans, and that there would be no civil war. Nouri al-Maliki (2014–2015) Things fall apart : containing the spillover from an Iraqi civil war Daniel L. Byman, Kenneth M. Pollack Brookings Institution Press, c2007: pbk タイトル別名 Iraq is rapidly descending into all-out civil war. By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate of refugees to a total of about 4.7 million, with 2 million displaced internally and 2.7 million displaced externally. The following is a transcript of the interview, including Casey's thoughts on the potential for an Iraqi civil war and the outlook for a possible reduction of U.S. troops in the region. [40][41] The bombings, which were sometimes co-ordinated, often inflicted extreme casualties. The Iraqi Civil War is an ongoing armed conflict in the Middle East. A large amount of ISIL fighters were from foreign countries, too. Ahmad Abu Risha, Muqtada al-Sadr Qais al-Khazali Akram al-Kabi Abu Mustafa al-Sheibani Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader of ISIL)[27] used as a strict synonym of the generic term 'internecine war'), creating terminological overlap with insurgencies or coups d'état . forces.[176][177][178]. [111] Four days later, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of the new Islamic State, said that Muslims should unite to capture Rome in order to "own the world. Later, another al-Askari bombing took place in June 2007. [117] Jonah's tomb was an important holy site in the Jewish heritage as well. During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) and Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) landmines have been used for both defensive and guerrilla purposes. In May, a member from the Canadian Special Forces Joint Task Force 2 disrupted a Daesh attack on Iraqi security forces. A poll of over 5,000 Iraqi nationals found that 27% of polled Iraqi residents agreed that Iraq was in a civil war, while 61% thought Iraq was not.  Jordan [150] The next day, the YPG broke through ISIL lines, thus opening a corridor from Syria to the town of Sinjar. This article is about the civil war that started in 2006. For example, the 23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings killed at least 215 people and injured hundreds more in the Sadr City district of Baghdad, sparking reprisal attacks, and the 3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing killed at least 135 and injured more than 300. In principle, there is much that scholar-ship on this issue could contribute: there is an exten-sive body of empirical evidence covering over 140 civil wars since [192][75] A victory parade was held "in Baghdad's heavily fortified Green Zone" on the following day, and Prime Minister al-Abadi declared that 10 December would become a new annual holiday for Iraq. Others were created since the state collapse, the largest and most uniform of which was the Mahdi Army established by Moqtada al-Sadr and believed to have around 50,000 fighters. [184], In September 2017, a United Nations Security Council Resolution[185] was adopted to "Reaffirm its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and unity of Iraq". [96], In early June 2014, following further large-scale offensives in Iraq, ISIL seized control of Mosul, the second most populous city in Iraq,[97] the nearby town of Tal Afar[98] and most of the surrounding Nineveh Governorate. [195][196] On Wednesday January 17, two days after the two suicide bombings on January 15, IS "claimed responsibility for the twin suicide bombings in Baghdad this week", though the New York Times suggested that the delay, and a number of errors in the claim, may show that the group's "media apparatus has been disrupted". 2003 – 2011.  Denmark (2014–16)[7] Iraqi casualties increased over the next several years.[38][39]. [27] The estimated number of orphans across Iraq has ranged from 400,000 (according to the Baghdad Provincial Council), to five million (according to Iraq's anti-corruption board). [22][23], In the United States, the term has been politicized. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed its caliph, and group formally changed its name to the Islamic State. For more information on events in a specific year, see the associated timeline page. [35], Independent Shi'ite militias identified themselves around sectarian ideology and possessed various levels of influence and power. [83][84][85] Assyrian forces included: Syriac Military Council,[86] Nineveh Plain Forces,[87] Nineveh Plain Protection Units,[88] Qaraqosh Protection Committee,[89] and Dwekh Nawsha. [208], Following ISIL's defeat, the group has regardless continued an insurgency. [164][165], On 13 August, a suicide bomber detonated a truck bomb in a crowded marketplace in Sadr City, Baghdad, killing at least 75 people and injuring 212 more. Faisal had been forced out as …  Kuwait The Iraq–ISIL War was an armed conflict between Iraqi forces and their allies and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS) which began in December 2013 and ended in December 2017. [154][155][156], On 17 December, Peshmerga forces, backed by 50 US-led coalition airstrikes on ISIL positions,[157] launched an offensive to liberate Sinjar[157] and to break the partial ISIL siege of the Sinjar Mountains. 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