][154] HS2, a new high-speed railway line, is estimated to cost £56 billion. In 2005, some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world. [354], In 2017 the average total fertility rate (TFR) across the UK was 1.74 children born per woman. [168][169] Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc). [200], The British dependencies use a varied assortment of currencies. Many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations.[133]. England fields a Gaelic-speaking Scotsman in Ashes", "125 years of Wimbledon: From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels", "The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone – The 1950s", "The Open Championship – More Scottish than British", "Official Website of Rugby League World Cup 2008", "100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era", "The ancient Irish sport of hurling catches on in America", The official site of the British Prime Minister's Office, Key Development Forecasts for the United Kingdom, Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom, Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence, List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&oldid=993918296, English-speaking countries and territories, Former member states of the European Union, Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, Priority articles for attention after Brexit, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from November 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2005, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from December 2020, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 13 December 2020, at 04:46. [179] Since 2011, ten combined authorities have been established in England. [353] The 2011 census also confirmed that the proportion of the population aged 0–14 has nearly halved (31 per cent in 1911 compared to 18 in 2011) and the proportion of older people aged 65 and over has more than tripled (from 5 per cent to 16 per cent). A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene;[citation needed] the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time);[512] Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets W.H. [citation needed], Notable pre-modern and early-modern English writers include Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century), Thomas Malory (15th century), Sir Thomas More (16th century), John Bunyan (17th century) and John Milton (17th century). [596][597], In most international competitions, separate teams represent England, Scotland and Wales. [515] Wales's most celebrated medieval poet, Dafydd ap Gwilym (fl. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag, as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. Business operations continue to increase as local lockdown restrictions are adjusted. [387][388] In 2011[update], 87.2 per cent of the UK population identified themselves as white, meaning 12.8 per cent of the UK population identify themselves as of one of number of ethnic minority groups. [376] In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia, China, Africa and the Caribbean, just under 0.2 per cent of the UK population. [303], Major scientific discoveries from the 18th century include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish;[304] from the 20th century penicillin by Alexander Fleming,[305] and the structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others. [citation needed] Many successful Hollywood films have been based on British people, stories or events, including Titanic, The Lord of the Rings, and Pirates of the Caribbean. In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity, Northern Ireland Water. [252], The UK has a partially regulated market economy. ", "UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978", "UK employment rate hits highest level since records began", "UK has fastest-growing economy, International Monetary Fund says", "UK officially in recession for first time in 11 years", "Income inequality: poverty falling faster than ever but the 1 per cent are racing ahead", "Gap between rich and poor growing fastest in Britain", "Report highlights 'bleak' poverty levels in the UK", "UK Poverty 2017 highlights that overall, 14 million people live in poverty in the UK – over one in five of the population", "A new measure of poverty for the UK, The final report of the Social Metrics Commission", "UN poverty expert says UK policies inflict unnecessary misery", "UN expert laments UK's 'doubling down on failed anti-poor policies, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011, "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945: Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. The 1707 Acts of Union declared that the kingdoms of England and Scotland were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain". [65][66] The official designation for a citizen of the United Kingdom is "British citizen". [130] Major industries and public utilities were nationalised, a welfare state was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the National Health Service, was created. Together England, Wales, and Scotland constitute Great Britain, the larger of the two principal islands, while Northern Ireland and the republic of Ireland constitute the second largest island, Ireland. [citation needed], In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. This list includes all countries in the UK, including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Notable conductors include Sir Simon Rattle, Sir John Barbirolli and Sir Malcolm Sargent. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom, including two of the highest-grossing film franchises (Harry Potter and James Bond). Between 1815 and 1930 around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland. [536] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that artists such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones drove pop music to the forefront of popular music in the early 1960s. [351], England's population in 2011 was 53 million. Absolute location is the exact location using latitude and longitude of some place. Relations between these constituent states and England have been marked by controversy and, at times, open rebellion and even warfare. [494] The proportion of children in Scotland attending private schools is just over 4 per cent in 2016, but it has been falling slowly in recent years. [223], The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the 1706 Treaty of Union provided for the continuation of Scotland's separate legal system. Routledge, Forrest L. Richardson (2002). The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2007, forms the constitutional basis of the European Union since then. Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh . [172] A law has been passed that UK greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2050. [26][188], The 14 British Overseas Territories are remnants of the British Empire: they are Anguilla; Bermuda; the British Antarctic Territory; the British Indian Ocean Territory; the British Virgin Islands; the Cayman Islands; the Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; the Turks and Caicos Islands; the Pitcairn Islands; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus. [citation needed] Since the height of the British Empire in the late 19th century, Britannia has often been associated with British maritime dominance, as in the patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!". [450][451] The late-2000s recession in the UK reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK,[452] the migration becoming temporary and circular. [46][47] Northern Ireland is also referred to as a "province". [493] Scotland first legislated for compulsory education in 1496. Geography of the United Kingdom Formation of the United Kingdom. The first decades were marked by Jacobite risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Many Britons, however, were sometimes reluctant EU members, holding to the sentiments of the great wartime prime minister Winston Churchill, who sonorously remarked, “We see nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European commonalty. [409] In addition, it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England. Early modern Britain saw religious conflict resulting from the Reformation and the introduction of Protestant state churches in each country. [404][405][2][406] In the 2011 Census, approximately one-fifth (19 per cent) of the population of Wales said they could speak Welsh,[407][408] an increase from the 1991 Census (18 per cent). George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem, while some of his best works, such as Messiah, were written in the English language. [citation needed] 20th-century English writers include the science-fiction novelist H. G. Wells; the writers of children's classics Rudyard Kipling, A. [70] Meanwhile, Gaelic-speakers in north-west Britain (with connections to the north-east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century)[71][72] united with the Picts to create the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century.[73]. [468] In June 2010 a temporary limit of 24,000 on immigration from outside the EU was introduced, aiming to discourage applications before a permanent cap was imposed in April 2011. This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014. ", Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. [174] Administrative arrangements were developed separately in each country of the United Kingdom, with origins which often predated the formation of the United Kingdom. Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that contest elections only in one part of the UK: Plaid Cymru (Wales only); and the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin (Northern Ireland only). [329], In 2006, the UK was the world's ninth-largest consumer of energy and the 15th-largest producer. The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales, consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and the South Wales Valleys to their north. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia and include Snowdon (Welsh: Yr Wyddfa) which, at 1,085 metres (3,560 ft), is the highest peak in Wales. Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, with each country having a separate education system. [361] The Office for National Statistics published a bulletin in 2015 showing that, out of the UK population aged 16 and over, 1.7 per cent identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (2.0 per cent of males and 1.5 per cent of females); 4.5 per cent of respondents responded with "other", "I don't know", or did not respond. ", "STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007", "Foster announces the future shape of local government", "CIBC PWM Global – Introduction to The Cayman Islands", "Background briefing on the Crown Dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man", "Partnership for Progress and Prosperity", UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum, "Falklands: Cameron says Argentina should respect vote", "House of Commons – Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee", Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies – gov.uk, "Chief Minister to meet Channel Islands counterparts – Isle of Man Public Services", "The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet", "Sinn Féin MP says party will always boycott Westminster, despite report", "Talking Politics: The West Lothian Question", "England-only laws 'need majority from English MPs, "Scotland's Parliament – powers and structures". A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of 16. [337] The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification (UCG) or 'fracking',[338] and that, based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years. Ecommerce in The United Kingdom. [50], The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. In the 2011 Census, for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK, the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the "African" category (29,638 people), which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from "Caribbean or Black" (6,540 people), Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a 'British empiricist' due to the territory of what is now known as the. Wilson, Arthur (1994). A coalition government was formed in 1931.[122]. [495] Scottish students who attend Scottish universities pay neither tuition fees nor graduate endowment charges, as fees were abolished in 2001 and the graduate endowment scheme was abolished in 2008. [424] 15 per cent of respondents stated that they had no religion, with a further 7 per cent not stating a religious preference. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Great Britain, the British Rail network was privatised between 1994 and 1997, which was followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers following years of decline, although the factors behind this are disputed. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The United Kingdom became one of the richest and most powerful countries in the world. [199] Since 2005 each Crown dependency has had a Chief Minister as its head of government. [314], Scientific research and development remains important in British universities, with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry. At its widest the United Kingdom is 300 miles (500 km) across. [378] Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted in growth in these population groups, although some of this migration has been temporary. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "in the United Kingdom" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. [134][135] A global opinion poll for the BBC saw the United Kingdom ranked the third most positively viewed nation in the world (behind Germany and Canada) in 2013 and 2014. [63] People of the United Kingdom use a number of different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British, English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish, or Irish;[64] or as having a combination of different national identities. For students from other countries in the European Union, this will likely make it harder and more expensive to study in the UK. [443] In 1841, 0.25 per cent of the population of England and Wales was born in a foreign country, increasing to 1.5 per cent by 1901,[444] 2.6 per cent by 1931, and 4.4 per cent in 1951. [576] The British Empire facilitated a knowledge of Indian cuisine with its "strong, penetrating spices and herbs". But we have our own dream and our own task. 148", "Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance", "UNdata | record view | Population by religion, sex and urban/rural residence", "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today", "Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density", "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey", "Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom", The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy? In 2015, the UK produced around 1.6 million passenger vehicles and 94,500 commercial vehicles. [449] Research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute for the Equality and Human Rights Commission suggests that, between May 2004 and September 2009, 1.5 million workers migrated from the new EU member states to the UK, two-thirds of them Polish, but that many subsequently returned home, resulting in a net increase in the number of nationals of the new member states in the UK of some 700,000 over that period. [373][374] The UK also has the oldest Chinese community in Europe, dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century. Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, after which the Scottish Highlanders were brutally suppressed. [350] In the 2011 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775. [101][102][103][104] By the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world". No part is more than 75 miles (120 km) from the sea. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. [547][548][549], The Beatles have international sales of over 1 billion units and are the biggest-selling and most influential band in the history of popular music. For elections to the House of Commons, the UK is divided into 650 constituencies,[206] each electing a single member of parliament (MP) by simple plurality. Dieses Referat handelt von Großbritannien. Notable composers of classical music from the United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it include William Byrd, Henry Purcell, Sir Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Sir Arthur Sullivan (most famous for working with the librettist Sir W. S. Gilbert), Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten, pioneer of modern British opera. [368] Another 2005 genetic analysis indicates that "about 75 per cent of the traceable ancestors of the modern British population had arrived in the British isles by about 6,200 years ago, at the start of the British Neolithic or Stone Age", and that the British broadly share a common ancestry with the Basque people. With David Oyelowo, Rosamund Pike, Tom Felton, Jack Davenport. United Kingdom n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/united-kingdom Keep reading for an update on consular services provided by the U.S. Embassy London, UK. [citation needed] British producers are active in international co-productions and British actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. There were eventual hard-fought victories in the Battle of the Atlantic, the North Africa campaign and the Italian campaign. [81][82], In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars (including the English Civil War) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, with the execution of King Charles I, and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. The upper-tier subdivisions of England are the nine regions, now used primarily for statistical purposes. [601] The first international football match was contested by England and Scotland on 30 November 1872. It is also a principal subcontractor on the F35 Joint Strike Fighter – the world's largest single defence project – for which it designs and manufactures a range of components. There are two types of locations used to describe where something is: absolute location and relative location. Of these, 4.76 million (7.7 per cent) were born outside the EU and 2.24 million (3.6 per cent) were born in another EU Member State. It is actually a union of four countries including England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. [154] The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F) or rising above 35 °C (95 °F). hist. (The adjective “British” came into use at this time to refer to all the kingdom’s peoples.) [265][266] As other nations industrialised, coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by degrees, throughout the 20th century. [196], The Crown dependencies are possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the UK. International football match was contested by England and Scotland on 30 November 1872, Felton. British actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films a has. In 2015, the British Empire facilitated a knowledge of Indian cuisine with ``. The North Africa campaign and the Italian campaign to refer to all the ’. 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